Porters can retire soon.

Although we have built a lot of machines to help us moving things around, such as pickup trucks, cargo planes, ships, etc., we still cannot totally free our hands from carrying heavy stuff. For example, in airports, we must use our hands to unload bags from airplane. Human power are still critical part of transportation.

US National guards unloading cargos from their plan

This is because all porter’s tasks  are actually very complex.  Cargos are varied from size and shape; routes of transporting involve stairs  and slopes. Humans can keep balance easily even when they are carrying cargos walking on bumpy road, and they also can precisely grab or put any random object. Building a machine that replacing these human ability is a challenge.

Scientists are trying so hard for building this kind of machine that can replace porters. Recently, boston dynamic, a robotic technology company, announced their new  robot called handle may be a perfect candidate for feature porters.

Handle is carrying a heavy bucket.

The new robot can grab a heavy item and move away by it self, just like a human grabbing a grocery bucket and taking it to home.

Handle is going downstairs

It has ability to go through complicated routes, such as stairs .

A lot of technologies from different area are involved in this amazing machine. One of the most important technology here is computer vision.  It read and process all data read from the robot sensors to tell the robot where he is, where to go and where is the cargo. Automation also plays a important role here; it control all the motor a hydraulic joints. Therefore, robots can move and carry stuff with out falling down.

In the near future, when the price of this kind of robot reduce to a reasonable point. Our transportation system will be more efficient. Products from all over the world will be more achievable. In addition, with such abilities, robots like this can also be used in disaster rescue operations.

 

Cloud Computing: High Performance Computing on any Device?

Can you imagine a smart phone that plays the latest PC games? NVIDIA, a graphics cards company, recently made it possible using a platform called GRID. GRID uses cloud computing technology that allows its users to run accelerated desktops on their phones and laptops. By using these desktops, people can play games and run software with an enhanced speed, because the cloud handles the processing part.

cloud computing. source: ibm.com

For example, when users start GRID on their smart phones, the selected games or software will be operated on cloud servers; these cloud servers are far away from the users but high-performance. On the same time, the real-time display of the games/software will be transferred from the cloud servers to their phones via the Internet. The real-time inputs, such us keyboard and mouse inputs, will be transferred from the phones to the servers as well. This is not only how GRID works but also how cloud computing works.

cloud computing: gaming everywhere on any device. source: nvidia.co.uk

As a result, the users feel like the game/software is running on their phones, and the phones perform well. In fact, the mobile devices do not need to actually process since all the processing is done in the cloud. Similarly, users can use GRID to run any software on any device with an Internet access.

high-performance mobile devices are usually heavy and large.                               source: nextgengamingblog.com

In past decades, IT companies and scientists were trying to make mobile devices high-performance, especially when dealing with graphics. However, poor heat radiating and poor battery life are still big problems for mobile devices due to their small physical size. NVIDIA was facing the same problem, but they took a completely different approach to achieve the same goal. In terms of performance and convenience, they succeed.

cloud computing: work everywhere on any device. source: http://www.nvidia.com

NVIDIA GRID, and other similar services, gives small companies and low-income people an alternative way to use high-performance devices with an affordable price. For instance, a small company can save money on buying high-end PCs, and low-income people can play games on their low-priced laptops.

However, GRID still has the same lag problems as most online games have. In addition, users need to pay for this service by month or by year. Consequently, playing games and working with a desktop computer is still the best plan. However, if a person travels a lot, using GRID can be a good plan for him/her.

 

By Max Ma.

Canadian Seafood Fraud

What if you were told the “tuna” you’ve been eating all this time isn’t actually tuna?  In fact, 59% of tuna sold in the Canadian markets are mislabeled, making it the second most commonly mislabeled seafood, with red snapper sitting at the very top of the list (87% mislabeled).

As seen below, compared to Europe and US, Canadian seafood labels are very much misleading and uninformed for consumers. Luckily, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency is currently reviewing the laws and regulations for proper Sea Food labels.

image from: http://www.seachoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Are-you-Eating-in-the-dark-FINAL.pdf

As alarming as “mystery meat” sounds, it’s not too far off to use as a description for Canadian seafood. “Rockfish” as seen above, is nothing but a common name used for over 100 different species. David Suzuki Foundation is currently holding a petition for seafood labels to include the Scientific name, geographic origin, production methods, and additives used.

image from http://action2.davidsuzuki.org/seafood-labelling

A study conducted by University of Guelph found that 84% of fish sold as “white tuna” were actually a closely related species called escolar. However, it is known that escolars are unable to digest gempylotoxin (type of wax, similar to mineral oils found in escolars’ diet), which means that when it is consumed, it can cause various digestive problems such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.

Enforcing regulations on seafood providers to have proper labeling will not only help us make healthy choices for ourselves and our families, it will also help us to make environmental and economical friendly choices by supporting locally farmed seafood. Sign the petition today!

Lisa Liang

Dengue Fever Virus: What Is it?

Warning for those who suddenly begin to feel fatigued, nauseous, and sport a severe headache! This is a warning sign that the mosquito bites you received on your trip through a tropical region a few months ago may have introduced a deadly virus into your body. At this point, you could be infected with Dengue fever virus.

A map detailing the prevalence of Dengue virus back in 2005. From Wikimedia.

 

According to an article published by Anne Gubler in Trends in Microbiology, Dengue fever virus originated from the tropical regions of the Earth during the 18th to 19th centuries. The virus is mainly spread through a species of mosquito, referred to as Aedes aegypti, which still populate the tropical and some subtropical regions today. However, as human population continues to increase in these areas, the risk for another epidemic outbreak increases. This is due to the ease at which a mosquito can travel from host to host, spreading the virus at a much higher speed. Recently, outbreaks of Dengue have intensified in all tropical regions resulting in an increase of reported infections and deaths. This makes me extremely cautious of visiting countries that are infested with mosquitos carrying Dengue and I’d like to spread some information about what it is.

 

General cross-section view of a Dengue virus. From Wikimedia.

The structure of a Dengue virus consists of a core, an envelope, and proteins attached to it. The core contains the genetic information of the Dengue virus. This genetic information codes for the production of a new virus as well as the creation of a new core, envelope, and envelope proteins. The viral envelope can fuse with the outside of a human cell, and also allows for the attachment of proteins. The envelope proteins are used to attach the virus to the outside layer of a human cell.

 

A study done by Karen Clyde sheds light on how the virus uses a replication cycle that involves entering a healthy human cell and hijacking numerous cell processes to complete replication. First the virus attaches to a human cell using proteins on the outside. Then the human cell brings the virus into its body, resulting in the release of the virus inside the cell. The next step involves the formation of a structure for reproducing the virus using materials found in the human cell. Finally, this produces a chain of viral proteins which are broken apart to form the final product of a core surrounded by an envelope with proteins.

 

In my opinion, travelling through a foreign country and having to be constantly aware of mosquitoes is annoying, but well worth the effort. Next time you travel through a country at risk of Dengue infection, make sure to coat yourself in bug repellent. As there are no known vaccines or treatments for Dengue, once infected, it will accompany you for the rest of your life. Therefore it is up to you to take appropriate precautionary measures to protect yourself.

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Do you know that you have germs living inside your body?

You probably hear from the news that you were born with germs (or microbiome) inside your stomach that help you to stay healthy. Also, some germs even protect you from getting diseases.

Not long ago, researchers discovered that there was a mysterious talk between brain cells and the germs inside the stomach. Diaz- Heijtz 1 and colleagues presented the link between anxiety and germs by studying animal model (specifically mice).

In other words, all those germs living inside your stomach may be the reason for “feeling butterflies in the stomach”.

 

Few months ago, there is also another frontier in the field. Besides the effect on the anxiety, Kiraly 2 and his colleagues at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai found out that changing the germ content could reshape the response to pleasure drugs, such as cocaine.

Drug abuse is a huge ongoing public health crisis. Namely, alcohol use leads to organ damages and cancer. It also changes the brain function. Like alcohol, cigarette smoking harms every part of the body. The UN report estimated that 1.3 billions were smokers and 2 billions were alcohol users. Also, 1 in every 20 adults had used an illicit drug, at least once.

http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/facts/global_burden/en/

From WHO: Management of substance abuse

Kiraly and his research team noticed that there was a gap in the microbiome research, with a central question in mind: the gut germs affect the behavior under the influence of a drug. They observed that germ-free mice became more attached to cocaine even at low dose.

The research team showed that the part of brain, called nucleus accumbens changed its chemistry due to the alteration of germ proportion.

The nucleus accumbens of the brain instructed the body what to do first based on the need or desire (to feel good). In this study, the presence of germ seems to form more robust response against the addiction.

Of course, these researches were done on animal models. Therefore, the evidence would be inconclusive if taken to human level.

After answering the question “how the germs do that”, scientists could possibly discover the germs potent enough to cure the addiction, easy as ABC!

1  Heijtz RD, Wang S, Anuar F, et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108:3047-3052.

Kiraly, D. D. et al. Alterations of the Host Microbiome Affect Behavioral Responses to Cocaine. Sci. Rep. 6, 35455; doi: 10.1038/srep35455 (2016).

 

Menopause: Why Do Humans Experience It?

It has always been a mystery as to why humans go through menopause. Chimpanzees and bonobos, whom we share 99% of our DNA with, are still able to reproduce throughout their entire lifespans while humans in their latter part of their lives become infertile. What then, are the reasons for humans becoming infertile as they get older?

Recently BBC and the Atlantic has published an article that can potentially explain the cause of menopause. Menopause is actually a unique trait shared by only three species: humans, killer whales, and pilot whales. Scientists have made many predictions as to why humans may experience menopause, but these predictions end up being extremely difficult to test. One possible explanation for menopause is the Grandmother Hypothesis. The Grandmother Hypothesis suggests that humans have given up their reproductive potential to focus more on caring for their children and grandchildren. In order to prove this hypothesis, we must prove that children are more likely to survive when their grandmother is present compared to when she isn’t. Dr. Lummaa from the University of Turku has published a study that shows that children are 12% more likely to survive adulthood if their grandmother is present.

Elderly Woman Image by Kawahara via Flickr

With the help of advanced technology, humans nowadays are able to live longer than ever, and women often outlive the lifespan of the female reproductive system. However scientists are still finding it. This hypothesis is near impossible to test because humans’ current fertility rate patterns are different from the fertility patterns of our ancestors.

Surprisingly, if we investigated other species that also experience menopause, we could possibly relate this information back to the human species. Darren P. Croft, an animal behaviorist at the University of Exeter, used years of data to reveal why killer whales potentially experience menopause. It became clear that from an evolutionary standpoint, it is a disadvantage for the mother and daughter killer whales to be impregnated at the same time. When both the mother and daughter killer whales reproduce during the same period, the newborns of the older generation have a higher chance of dying, approximately 1.7 times more likely as opposed to the younger generation. According to Croft, “this new research shows that old females go through the menopause because they lose out in reproductive competitive with their own daughters.” This research on killer whales provide us with an explanation for menopause that may possibly apply to humans.

Killer Whales: One of the three species that goes through menopause
image by Grit via Flickr

All in all, it remains a mystery as to why humans go through menopause. Although there are many existing hypotheses that may potentially explain menopause, nothing has been scientifically proven. However, we can gain insight into why humans experience menopause through observing other species.

-Andrew Ting