Author Archives: JinkyuLee

“To pay or not to pay: a comparison of paid vs. unpaid research assistants”

Maybe you read this title and thought, “What kind of question is this, obviously it’s more convenient NOT to pay employees and get free labour in the lab you are running!” Undeniably, many employers may believe in this line of thinking as well.

However, recently we’ve had the opportunity to speak with Dr. Stephen Withers from the esteemed Withers Research Group.  Initially, we met to discuss his latest research about using newer and more efficient imaging probes that light up upon contact with influenza molecules.  But additionally, we happened to gain an understanding about his personal beliefs when it comes to paid versus unpaid research assistants.


Podcast: Delving into Dr. Stephen Withers’ life, and his road into the scientific world.

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Video: Illuminating Influenza: a look into a new type of imaging reagent.


Description:
The Withers Research Group from the Chemistry Department

 

Dr. Withers claimed, “Many labs take volunteers, but I prefer to pay my researchers, to make sure that they’re committed. There can be volunteers that don’t feel quite as committed even after you spend lots of time training them.”

 

Upon hearing this, we were curious. Did the benefits of paying their researchers outweigh the costs required to pay them?

 

A qualified volunteer in a research lab offers their time and skills in exchange for experience in a field they are looking to delve into.  Although many volunteers choose to work in labs because they’re passionate about the field that is being researched, this is unfortunately not always the case. Frequently, undergraduate students who volunteer in labs do so simply because they believe that it will help boost their resumes for co-ops, or various post-undergraduate institutes. To explore this idea, we interviewed a 2nd year undergraduate student at UBC who asked to remain anonymous about the reasons why he volunteered within a research lab.

 

Image result for research labDescription: A Research Lab Environment
Source: Google images: Ryerson University

 

“…I’m not particularly interested in what I’m researching,” He claimed, “it’s not as if I do particularly specialized tasks anyway. I’m just volunteering because it should boost my application for med[ical] school.”

Indeed, there exist students who choose to volunteer without being interested in the research. This, combined with the fact that volunteer positions are unpaid by nature, it is apparent why some undergraduate volunteers may have some issues staying committed to the research after time passes as Dr. Withers hypothesized.

 

Image result for barbara sanfilippo commitment
Description: Quote by Barbara Sanfilippo
Source: Barbara Sanfilippo’s article

 

There is indeed a difference to having paid vs. unpaid research assistants, but overall, it is important for research groups to maintain an open mind and decide which style of accepting undergraduate students to work in their labs is right for their specific environment.

 

However, the simplest solution to this question is for students to only apply if they’re ready to commit and be passionate about the research they’re aiding.

 

This way, there’s not even a question to answer.

 

  • Jin Kyu Lee, Marianita Paspuel, Mirkka Puente, Alyssa Gutierrez

Echolocation: How Two Seemingly Polar-Opposite Creatures Developed the Same Highly Specialized Skill

Have you ever been walking through your house in the middle of the night with all the lights off, searching for a glass of water, but you feel an intense pain running through your body as you stub your toe on the counter? This would never happen if humans had echolocation: the ability to map out the area ahead of you by using reflections from high-pitched sonar signals.

Animal Echolocation
Credit: WikiMedia

Echolocation is an ability that is primarily used by dolphins and bats. This raises the question, why is it that dolphins: hairless mammals which live in the ocean, happen to have the same specialized ability as bats: which are furry, nocturnal, and flying critters?

Dolphins utilise a unique organ called the melon to send out high frequency clicks. They have a large depression in their skull to make space for this organ, allowing them to produce bisonar for orientation. Beyond this, echolocation gives dolphins an idea on the object’s shape and size, although it is not quite understood by scientists exactly how this happens.

Bisonar by cetaceans
Credit: Wikimedia

Bats dominantly use a method of echolocation called laryngeal echolocation, which is characterized by the production of very short wavelength sounds from their larynx. The connection between their stylohyal bone and tympanic bone enables the bat to neurally register and separate outgoing and incoming ultrasonic waves. They have evolved to differentiate between the pulses they produce and the echoes that they receive back.

Ventral view of the Florida Freetail bat, highlighting the tympanic and stylohal bones. Credit: Pacific Lutheran University Natural History 

This skill could potentially be relevant for humans today, as researchers are using this skill to test human echolocation in blind people. It has been revealed that some blind people were able to independently develop a type of echolocation, by utilising sound, they are able to map out the space they are in and develop an image of it for themselves. Some researchers are studying this ability, attempting to make it accessible for all who might need it.

So how is it that dolphins and bats have developed these extremely similar skills? Clearly, there is the fact that because dolphins hunt in murky ocean waters, and bats hunt late at night in the dark. Thus they both had to have evolved some method to cope with the darkness, but why was it that they developed the same method of echolocation independently? A team of scientists were trying to answer this question, and a paper in Science Advances announced that there exist genetic characteristics that could have helped dolphins and bats both develop this skill.

This international group of scientists searched through the genomes of each animal, searching side by side for any similarities in amino acid sequences. They found that bats and dolphins share amino acids linked to proteins involved in the development of a very specific set of fast-twitch muscles. These were the muscles that drive the “terminal buzz”, or the rapid high frequency calls that bats and dolphins both make when hunting.

Figure showing sudden increase in high frequency calls in a bat
Credit: The Gall Lab

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Sound clip of terminal buzz – the terminal buzz is the last pulses of an echolocation call sequence: and will speed up at the end because the bat is getting closer to the object it is interested in.
Credit: The Gall Lab

This similarity in amino acid sequence may be a part of what helped these two very different animals develop the same skill, but there is still plenty to uncover about the specifics of how dolphins and bats developed echolocation independently. However, we are much closer to uncovering this mystery than in the past.

Jin Kyu Lee