Category Archives: Issues in Science

Is Genetic Editing the Future?

Posted on February 27, 2019 by gloria chan | 3 comments

Genetic editing, is it good or is it bad?

Many people have been debating about this for a while now. One recent news that came out in November talked about a scientist who genetically edited a pair of twin girls. The scientist, He Jiankui, used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit the babies genome which he claims would allow the babies to have a better resistance to HIV and AIDS.

Human egg cells. Image by Виталий Смолыгин. Retrieved from https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=42719&picture=cell

What the scientist did was that he disabled the gene, CCR5. This disables the HIV virus from entering the cell because the gene forms a protein pathway. With it disabled the virus cannot get in since there wouldn’t be a pathway. The problem with disabling the gene is that people without this gene has a greater chance of being infected by other viruses.

An image of DNA structure. Image by Виталий Смолыгин. Retrieved from https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=31530&picture=structure-of-dna

There have been many concerns on how this genetic modification can affect the babies because of the fact that this method hasn’t been truly tested. A professor in the University of Oxford, Julian Savulescu, said, “Gene editing itself is experimental and is still associated with off-target mutations, capable of causing genetic problems early and later in life, including the development of cancer.”

Many people condemned the scientist for his seemingly unethical way of human experimentation. But gene editing has been happening for a while and have been proven to heal genetic diseases, it is just that it hasn’t been experimented enough to know for sure that it is safe to be used on humans. One example would be a team of researchers that was led by Gerald Schwank. They were able to successfully correct the mutated genes in the liver cells of mice thus healing the mice from the metabolic disorder phenylketonuria. Another example is that gene editing was used to reduce cholesterol levels in mice that were still in their mother’s womb. This is done by targeting the gene that regulates cholesterol. The experiment was successful and the mice born were healthy.

So, would you consider gene editing the future?

This video talks about genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9. Published by McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT.

This video is about the scientist, He Jiankui, and his experiment on the two twin girls. Published by The He Lab.

Gloria Chan

3 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

Tagged Biology, DNA, gene, gene editing, Medical Sciences, mice, twins

Who wants a glowing pet?

Posted on January 28, 2019 by SabrinaCheema | 2 comments

What is GFP?

Jellyfish Aequorea Victoria, which exhibits a green fluorescence when exposed to light. Source Microbiologics Blog, https://blog.microbiologics.com/green-fluorescent-proteins-shining-new-light-on-food-qc/

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a naturally occurring protein found in jellyfish Aequorea Victoria, which exhibits a green fluorescence when exposed to light. This fluorescent protein has transformed biomedical research because cellular biological processes can now be observed in real time. This protein is located in the jellyfish’s umbrella where it interacts with another protein called aequorin. This specific interaction between GFP and aequorin emits blue light when calcium ions are added. Furthermore, this chemical reaction supplies the energy to produce the green fluorescence. GFP consists of 238 amino acids however, the 65^thto 67^thamino acids form the core structure responsible for emitting the green fluorescence when exposed to light.

This video describes the main components and uses of GFP in biomedical research. Source Alex Dainis, Science Vlogger and Genetics Grad Student.

Why is GFP important?

GFP itself is non-toxic, stable and spontaneously conforms into its functional shape without the need for outside chemicals or enzymes. Also, GFP doesn’t interfere with any of the biological processes within an organism. Therefore, GFP is being used as a visual marker in biomedical research. After, GFP is injected into a cell the green fluorescence glow is observed using a fluorescence microscope. This fluorescence microscope is able to photograph the cellular biological processes without interfering.

For example, in recombinant technology, the GFP gene is combined with a gene of interest, which produces the protein of interest. Then this complex is injected into a cell and if the cell produces the green fluorescent glow it suggests the cell is expressing the gene of interest. Scientists added this harmless fluorescent gene into insulin producing cells in the pancreas of mice. The researchers were able to observe the biological process and reform existing diabetes treatments.

How is GFP relevant to us?

Companies such as Yorktown technologies were the first to start selling fluorescent pet zebrafish called GloFish. Also, the Animal Reproductive Institute of Uruguay produced a glowing green sheep using the GFP gene that was injected into the sheep embryo. Furthermore, a research team in Seoul National University injected beagle dog embryos with a similar fluorescent protein obtained from a sea anemone. As a result four puppies would emit a red fluorescent glow under ultraviolet light. This GFP gene has been injected into other animals too such as cows, pigs, bunnies, monkeys, cats, and rats.

This video describes how GFP can cause animals to be bioluminescent . Source Seeker.

Therefore, GFP has not only transformed biomedical research in the terms of being able to observe how cancer spreads, HIV infections proceed, fetuses grow during development and other various biological processes occur but also, allowed scientists to create glow in the dark pets.

Now, who wouldn’t want a glowing green pet!

Sabrina Cheema

2 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

Tagged Biochemistry, Biology, cancer research, DNA, Medical Sciences, Medicine, Public Engagement

Video

Miracle Drug Or The Devil’s Lettuce?

With marijuana making its way into the spotlight across the globe in recent years as well as the recent legalization here in Canada, it seems the stigma & sentiment around the herb is quickly changing. However, now that weed is legal & can be purchased by anyone over the age of 19, does that mean consuming marijuana on regular basis (or at all) is free of risk and repercussions?

Canadian cannabis flag captured by Cannabis Culture at the Global Marijuana March 2013 in Vancouver. Source: Flickr

Differing Opinions

People opposing the newly legal drug, argue that cannabis consumption puts you at greater risk for mental impairment & that it stifles motivation, while those in favor of the substance tout it as a miracle drug capable of curing cancer & reducing pain. So, is it really that bad after all?

Cannabis Use in Teenagers and Young Adults

One demographic that has had red flags raised regarding the consumption of cannabis, is those under the age of 25. The reason being that is the age when the human brain has fully matured & is less susceptible to some of the harmful effects of marijuana. But it seems as though most young adults & teenagers alike, are not waiting until their brains have reached maturation to try the drug, as a recent census bureau report found that 32.7 percent of teenagers had smoked marijuana in the previous 3 months.

Caution, cannabis is not for everyone. Source:Pixabay

Teens Stuck In A Haze

Frequency & potency of cannabis use are the main detrimental drivers of damage to the developing brain. Research has shown that frequent use of marijuana in adolescence has a strong correlation to anxiety & depression with many users also disruptive behaviour & overall general cognitive decline. In addition, many researchers have cited that persistent use of marijuana by teenagers increases one’s risk of schizophrenia & other brain structure abnormalities. The effects of marijuana on the young brain are summarized well in the following video made by Dr. Jodi Goodman, who is the director of neuroscience at the Center for Addiction Medicine.

Source: Youtube, uploaded by Massachusetts General Hospital

Simply Put – We Love To Get Intoxicated

How come it seems like the number of cannabis users is increasing despite the endless research on the negative cognitive effects it has? One explanation for this is that weed allows many to feel a sense of relaxation & contentment that may not otherwise be achievable. Although this reason itself may commonly be overlooked, it is within the same bounds as Canadians spending twenty-two and a half billion dollars on alcohol last year. Having said this, it seems reasonable that anyone over the age of 19 is legally allowed to choose whether or not they want to use safe intoxicants (like alcohol or marijuana).

Dried marijuana ready for consumption Source: Pixabay

So What’s The Big Idea?

While the use of cannabis has many unfavorable effects, when used in moderation it can be an effective method for alleviating pain, anxiety, & much more. Therefore, once the risks are known, I think it should be left to one’s own discretion on whether or not to consume cannabis & how often at that.

Written by Riley Cox

1 Comment

Posted on January 28, 2019 by riley cox in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science Communication, Science in the News

Tagged brain, canada, health, marijuana, mental health, Neuroscience, Public Engagement, science, weed

Baby’s First Encounter in the Womb – Abortion

Posted on January 26, 2019 by Christina Kim | 7 comments

Disclaimer: Content may be sensitive to some viewers.

There are many controversial debates concerning the moral acceptance of abortions in North America. In 2017, there were a total of 94,030 abortions in Canada alone. Abortion is the premeditated act of discharging a fetus from the womb. Let’s try and dig into what people have to say. Watch Bill Nye express his view of this topic below.

It’s Okay, It’s Not Alive.

Pro-abortionists argue that abortion is morally permissible because the fetus is not a part of the moral community and it does not meet the criteria of personhood. They claim that the fetus is not attentive to its surroundings or even to itself in terms of emotion, communication, and experience of pleasure and pain. In addition, they do not consider the movement of the fetus inside the mother’s womb as a sign of expressing itself.

The concept of proxy consent may arise during the debate.

“It is the legal right to approve a medical procedure on behalf of an individual who is incompetent in giving consent.”

In this context, mothers have legal merit to terminate her pregnancy as the fetus cannot make such decisions.

Photo of a stillborn baby taken by Nicci Doula.

A researcher named Joel Feinberg proposed an example by means of an acid. He stated that the characteristics of an acid including its solubility in water, sourness, and colour changes of litmus paper from blue to red are not the foundational components relevant to its acidity and cannot be used as an effective test to determine its acidity.

Correspondingly, to say that an individual is ‘living’, is to say that they are able to make choices rooted from logical lines of reasoning. Therefore, the pro-abortionists argue that the fetus cannot be considered a being and aborting the fetus is morally acceptable. Watch this clip below of Dave Rubin interviewing Cara Santa Maria about the ethics of abortion.

Stop! Abortion is Murder.

On the contrary, there are people who believe that abortion is morally unacceptable as they consider the fetus to be alive. They argue that the fetus has complete formation of the brain structure at 12 weeks, the heart pumps roughly 28 litres of blood per day, and it is able to recognize sound as the ears are being developed, showing signs of life.

Also, they indicate that the fetus demonstrates voluntary movements within the womb and react to external stimuli which is one of the criterion for life. Thus, they propose potential consciousness of the fetus.

Photo of a baby echo taken by Rudy and Peter Skitterians.

In response to the acid example, anti-abortionists argue that this claim is unreasonable. For instance, in a laboratory setting, to identify whether an unknown substance is acidic, technicians go through series of tests including acid-base titration and litmus paper testing to determine whether the substance is acidic. Therefore, these characteristics are relevant to verify the acidity of a chemical. Although they may not be the only characteristics to describe the nature of the acid, these observational methods are definitely necessary to determine whether or not a substance is an acidic.

Likewise, to identify the fetus as a human being, observational methods are important to show that it is alive. In other words, observing the brain structure, heart, and hearing can be used in considering the fetus to be a living organism is absolutely necessary. Therefore, anti-abortionists say that it is morally impermissible to attain an abortion.

Where Do You Stand?

This topic will continue to present itself in the debating world.

Where do you stand? What’s your perspective?

Christina Kim

7 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science Communication, Science in the News

Tagged abortion, Birth-Control, controversy, debate, ethics, fetus, health, living, medical, moral, Public Engagement, womb

Will 2019 Be the Year of the Transgender Fish?

Posted on January 21, 2019 by Kelsey Wong | 2 comments

Birth-control pills containing the primary female sex hormone, estrogen, have been highly successful in preventing unwanted pregnancies since the 1960s. As these hormone-containing pills started to become both more readily available and socially accepted in recent years, male fish have suffered the consequences of abnormal levels of estrogen in marine environments, turning them into so-called transgender fish. Exposure to increased levels of estrogen in sexually reproducing male fish can cause them to acquire female traits. The loss of male individuals can have detrimental effects on the marine ecosystem as a whole. As a society, we are impacted by these changes due to the fact that over 3 billion people worldwide rely on seafood, including fish, as their primary source of protein. If species of fish are unable to properly reproduce due to the lack of sexually reproducing males, the entire food-web will be disrupted, directly impacting humans, who lie at the top of the web. Not only will society lose a vital food source, but the third-hand intake of estrogen through the consumption of infected fish will undoubtedly have repercussions on the human body.

Estrogen-containing birth control pills. Source: Flickr Credit: Brianna Laugher

Where Does the Estrogen Come From?

When females take birth-control pills, the synthetic estrogen that is consumed will not stay in the human body forever; it will eventually be excreted through the process of urination. Approximately 68 percent of the original dose of birth control is excreted from the human body every time a pill is consumed. In addition, the disposal of unused, unwanted birth-control down sinks and toilets will contaminate waste-water with abnormal levels of estrogen. When this waste-water gets dumped into marine environments, the female sex hormones will also be washed away into lakes and oceans in relatively high doses, inflicting many unwanted consequences on marine organisms.

Feminizing Male Fish

Many male fish are severely impacted by estrogen-contaminated waters. Source: Wikimedia Commons Credit: Firos ak

When male fish are exposed to increased levels of estrogen in their marine habitats, studies have found that they begin to show many feminine traits, rendering them transgender fish. This includes egg production, a decrease in sperm count, and signs of less aggressive behaviour. Certain studies have found that some male fish have even begun to develop ovaries in place of testes when exposed to estrogen. The entire ecosystem can be impacted by this, as a decrease in sexually reproductive male fish can eventually drive an entire species into extinction. A drop in species diversity can lead to serious ramifications, including an increased susceptibility to disease outbreak.

What Can Be Done?

Waste-water treatment plants can remove estrogen from waste-water early on. Source: Flickr Credit: eutrophication&hypoxia

As the primary and most influential contributor of estrogen to waterways is caused by the disposal of hormone-containing waste-water, better waste-water treatment methods can easily be established to prevent this from continuing to occur. Although this simple fix can make a big difference in the reproductive abilities of male fish, the impacts that estrogen has already had on many organisms can nonetheless be passed on to future generations.

Written by Kelsey Wong

2 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

Tagged Birth-Control, Estrogen, Extinction, Fish, Reproduction, Transgender, Waste-Water

Holy Smoke!

Posted on January 20, 2019 by austin chang | Leave a comment

Visual contrast between a traditional cigarette and an e-cigarette. Source: Flickr Commons. This image is part of the public domain. https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/402/18561386162_0235f4e545_b.jpg

Do you think you’ve seen an increase in the amount of e-cigarette smoke emanating from people as they walk along Main Mall? If you have, you’re definitely not alone. According to a study conducted by the University of Waterloo in 2015, researchers found that 3.9 million Canadians have reported trying an e-cigarette and around three hundred thousand Canadians reported daily use. But are these statistics actually worrying? In short, it depends who you ask. A recent poll revealed that the public was evenly split between those that thought traditional cigarettes were worse than e-cigarettes and that e-cigarettes were as bad or worse than conventional cigarettes. Due to the relative adolescence of e-cigarettes, there are no long-term safety studies or research about the effects of e-cigarettes. However, from the research that has been conducted, it seems to suggest that e-cigarettes aren’t all that great.

Schematic of an e-cigarette. Source: Wikimedia Commons. This image is part of the public domain. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/E-cig-schematic.png

Background

First off, let me take you through the science behind the e-cigarette or electronic cigarette. An e-cigarette is a battery-powered device that converts liquid nicotine into a mist, or vapor, that the user inhales without any of the harmful chemicals found in a traditional cigarette. Most e-cigarettes contain a mouthpiece or cartridge, a heating element, and battery. As a user sucks on the mouthpiece, a sensor activates a heating element that vaporizes a flavored, liquid solution, which is then “inhaled” or “vaped”.

Argument for E-cigarettes

The saving grace for e-cigarettes has always been their safety in comparison to conventional cigarettes. The traditional cigarette is the leading cause of premature death in Canada and is related to more than forty-five thousand deaths annually, which amounts to twenty percent of all deaths in the country. Smoking increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, COPD, asthma, diabetes, and a variety of cancers. Most of the carcinogenic effects arising from traditional cigarettes comes from the tar, which, incidentally, is not found in e-cigarettes.

Argument Against E-cigarettes

Instead, e-cigarettes contain a cartridge of liquid that includes flavourings dissolved in propylene glycol and glycerol. The propylene glycol and glycerol may not be dangerous on their own, however, they can decompose when heated and be transformed into toxic compounds like formaldehyde. In addition, some e-cigarettes also contain nicotine, which is highly addictive and also increases your risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Furthermore, since nicotine is so addictive, it is also believed that it will lead smokers of e-cigarettes to try traditional cigarettes. As for e-cigarettes without nicotine, the liquid found in e-cigarettes, also known as e-liquid, poses a threat because it contains diacetyl, a chemical compound associated with a rare lung disease that results in damaged airways in the lungs.

Takeaways

In conclusion, whether you believe it or not, e-cigarettes provide a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, but are still dangerous on their own. If you don’t already smoke cigarettes, it is highly recommended that you avoid e-cigarettes.

~Austin Chang

A Critique on the Static Nature of Cancer-research Articles

Posted on January 15, 2019 by jonathan kraft | Leave a comment

(Cancer, Source: Alpha Stock Images)

Recent statistics released by the Canadian Cancer Society estimate that one in every two people will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime. Statistics that if accurate, implore the general public and scientists alike to ask what progress is being made on the front of finding a cure for cancer. Enter “The State of Cancer: Are we close to a cure?” by Maria Cohut, an article published in Medical News Today written with the intention of answering this question.

pros of the Prose

In the current epoch of ‘fake news’ where inaccurate claims are shamelessly made, this article employs the use of a ‘fact checker’. A useful method that should become an industry standard. This coupled with the utilization of hyperlinks to the literature referenced, facilitates an opportunity for readers to critically appraise significant claims. Such as the compelling statistic that a staggering 1 in 6 deaths globally are cancer related. A statistic that emphasizes the timeliness of the article, whilst offering the reader a tool to confirm the compelling results for themselves and instilling confidence that a month later it will not be debunked as inaccurate. When concerning a topic and data that impacts so many people not only nationally but internationally, and on which hope is so quickly built upon; it is imperative that such articles are transparent in their conclusions.

COns of the Content

A pathological issue in the cancer-article genre is the writer’s inability to connect the research and breakthroughs to the readers beyond an informative description. Cohut breaks down the frontiers of cancer research; but, falls short of informing the reader (and possible patient) on ways to get involved in the study in either a volunteer or donor capacity. Often the topics of such articles are still in a research and development phase or preparing to enter hum

(Lost, Source: Pixabay)

an trials. The need for both volunteers and donors may exist, but too often fails to be addressed. The target audience for these cancer treatment articles have recently received a life-changing diagnosis or heartbreaking news and are in search of hope. When articles such as Cohut’s become fixated on describing the ‘latest and greatest’ in cancer research, they fail to pay off on what interested the reader in the first place, the hope to engage in a mutually beneficial opportunity to improve their chances of beating the diagnosis.

Is ‘ok’ okay?

Cohut’s article identifies the current state of knowledge in cancer research, but ultimately fails to leave any lasting impact, which is disappointing considering that involving a reader in such research is as simple as a hyperlink. In Canada, where individuals have a 50% chance of receiving a cancer diagnosis in their lifetime, should the medium evolve to equip and involve their readers or settle with a catchy title, an ‘ok’ article, and no practical takeaway message?

(Hope, Source: Alpha Stock Images)

By: Jonathan Kraft

Is Alpha BRAIN a Real NZT-48 Limitless Pill, or Snake Oil?

Posted on January 14, 2019 by Nick di Lello | 2 comments

Finding a smart drug like Bradley Cooper’s character in the movie Limitless is a dream of most university students. In this movie, Bradley Cooper discovers a mysterious pill, NZT-48, which allows him to access 100% of his brain. This starving writer transforms into a financial genius overnight.

Adderall XR in a pill bottle. Adderall is an amphetamine, usually prescribed to those with attention deficit hyperactive disorder, or ADHD. (Photo uploader: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adderall_XR_20mg.jpg)

Alpha BRAIN is a drug that Onnit, the manufacturer, claims will improve brain function. Alpha BRAIN is an all natural, caffeine free, gluten free supplement that Onnit says has been “…shown to help improve memory & focus”.

Although it would be great if an all-natural, safe, cheap supplement existed that would allow everyone to be a genius, this does not seem to be the case. The evidence does not support Alpha BRAIN being a real life NZT-48 Limitless pill. Not only is there major financial conflict of interest in the studies around Alpha BRAIN, the results of these studies are deliberately contorted to benefit the supplement industry.

With the increasing prevalence of “smart drugs” on university campuses, it is obvious that students are trying to get ahead of the competition. These cognitive enhancing “smart drugs” are known as nootropics. Nootropics such as Adderall and Ritalin are DEA Schedule II drugs along with cocaine, methamphetamine, OxyContin, fentanyl and other dangerous substances. This tight governmental control makes it difficult, not to mention illegal, to acquire smart drugs like Adderall and Ritalin without a doctor’s prescription. But no fear, Onnit is here!

You may have heard celebrities like Joe Rogan in “The Joe Rogan Experience” talk very highly of a supplement called Alpha BRAIN. Onnit is a company which creates and sells supplements to fix a plethora of issues. Their top selling supplement is Alpha BRAIN. For about $1 a pill, Onnit promises enhanced memory and focus. Onnit’s website states,

“If you aren’t taking Alpha BRAIN, you are playing at a disadvantage.”

Onnit refers to a clinical study on their website which found that Alpha BRAIN improves memory and focus. This study, conducted by Todd M. Solomon and his team, was funded by a grant from Onnit – oh how convenient! Solomon also personally received monetary compensation for consulting with Onnit.

Cognitive enhancement was measured through a series of several tests in both the placebo group and the Alpha BRAIN treatment group. Each group showed one instance of statistically significant cognitive enhancement. This does not prove that Alpha BRAIN actually works like Onnit leads its customers to believe. All it shows is that Alpha BRAIN has a success rate equal to that of a sugar pill.

Will Alpha BRAIN improve your grades? Probably not. Will it hurt you? Probably only your wallet. There is no evidence to support Alpha BRAIN as an effective cognitive enhancer. In the famous words of Richard Carlson,

“If it seems too good to be true, it probably is.”

Written by Nick di Lello

2 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Science Communication

Tagged cognitive enhancement, drugs, Nootropics, supplements

A Strangled Ocean

Posted on January 14, 2019 by Cam Carvalho | Leave a comment

When looking through the Science section of any prominent magazine or newspaper, it’s rare not to see an article involving climate change and its numerous impacts on our planet. It’s a topic that is constantly being discussed and rightly so, as it represents one of the biggest challenges that society is facing. Even if you have no idea of the science behind how our world is being affected, articles such as this one just recently posted in The New York Times online website, are good to get you thinking.

A visual depiction of how much global warming heat is going into the various components of the climate system for the period 1993 to 2003. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2019, from https://skepticalscience.com/graphics.php?g=12

Our world’s oceans are the most dramatically impacted by global warming, and are the subject of countless research studies being done. One of the most concerning effects of climate change on the oceans, and perhaps the one raising the most questions, is the process of deoxygenation. This, in brief, is the process of declining O2 levels because of many complicated and interconnected biological, chemical, and physical processes. Perhaps the most fundamental and easily understood process that effects the way oxygen is exchanged between the atmosphere and surface ocean is the correlation between temperature and solubility; as temperature increases the solubility of oxygen decreases. This temperature effect accounts for up to half of the deoxygenation in the upper 1000m of the water column.

Being able to accurately model the changes in oxygen concentration is the biggest hurdle associated with deoxygenation. When modelling any part of the ocean, a researcher needs to understand and accurately represent the processes that are occurring. Seeing as oxygen is highly utilized and highly dynamic within any given part of the ocean, it’s extremely difficult to produce meaningful results. So, in most studies, especially those involving biological oceanography, a field where many processes are poorly understood, researchers must make certain assumptions. Additionally, these assumptions are highly dependent on that researchers understanding of the ocean.

The urgency of being able to obtain meaningful and reproducible models is always increasing. Declining oxygen levels in the ocean can dramatically affect the countless species that live in and depend on the ocean for resources.

Most notably, us.

An Argo float, foreground. The new study included direct measurements of ocean temperatures from the global array of 3,500 Argo floats and other ocean sensors. (2015, July 9). Retrieved January 14, 2019, from https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4655

The process of deoxygenation does not need to be looked at as a doomsday clock.

We have countless research behind us and every day, researchers work towards finding a solution that minimizes the effects that global warming has on the world’s oceans.

Cameron Carvalho

Category Archives: Issues in Science

Is Genetic Editing the Future?

Who wants a glowing pet?