Author Archives: LiamBurdett

M4 P5

St. Denis, V. (2011). Silencing Aboriginal curricular content and perspectives through multiculturalism: “There are other children here”. Review of education, pedagogy, and cultural studies, 33(4), 306-317.

Just like my last post about multiculturalism, Denis (2011) makes another point against it as a national policy. The argument is that multiculturalism reduces Indigenous cultures into one of many other “ethnic” groups, which downplays Canada’s colonial history and direct genocidal practices that have targeted Indigenous Peoples throughout its history. This point adds to my growing list of evidence that both intercultural studies and complete decolonization are the most important elements to consider in the rethinking of how to best “indigenize” the curriculum. There needs to be a shift in education from “learning about them” to “learning about each other,” and until the framework under which we operate is able to be completely decolonized, superiority complexes will remain. Denis also argues that this new framework of equality needs to include the removal of thinking of “racial minorities,’ are these are socially constructed terms that imply inferiority and enforce the “majority’s” position of privilege in the discussion. This was a great last article to read as a part of my entries because I feel as though it has enforced my new perspectives on the issue. I began my research with a bit of an expectation as to what the answer may be, but this may have come from my own position within our current education frameworks. The promotion of intercultural education, along with direct initiatives to educate new immigrants, in tandem appear to be the best course of action to bridge the apparent gap between the two major population groups in Canada.

M4 P4

https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA%3A1429/datastream/OBJ/download/The_Relationships_Between_Racialized_Immigrants_And_Indigenous_Peoples_In_Canada__A_Literature_Review.pdf

This article provides an academic viewpoint on the relationship between Canadian Indigenous Peoples and Canadian immigrants. Citing other research, “the colonial, stigmatized, and stereotyped view of Indigenous people is transferred to the newcomers,” and that multiculturalism is not the answer. Instead, Chung (2010) offers interculturalism as the more appropriate approach, in which dialogue between cultures with an emphasis on intercultural education for both groups is key. According to Chung (2010), multiculturalism has too much of an inherent focus on the minority group, ignoring the majority group’s perspectives. On an anecdotal level, I can see this applied to how many Canadians, often seniors, voice concerns that Canada is adapting to immigrant perspectives, and that immigrants “should” conform to Canadian societal expectations. While I do not personally agree with this, I do believe that the definition of interculturalism allows for those with this perspective to contribute to the discussion as long as both parties are willing.

The article also offers evidence that dispels a hypothesis I had about physical space being a large influence on the relationship between the two main groups. I had been thinking about the urban settlement by new immigrants in contrast to the rural setting of many Indigenous Peoples. Chung (2010) however points to how Winnipeg has a large concentration of both Indigenous Peoples and new immigrants, and yet there were very few observed social integrations between the two groups. This suggests that the distance is more on a sociological level than I had previously thought.

This article is overall a great contribution to my essay as it compiles the little research that had been done on the topic, and I can compare it with initiatives taken since this article’s publishing in 2010.

M4 P3

Another perspective that I wanted to explore in my topic of Indigenous-Immigrant education was about indigenous students learning about different immigrant cultures. I couldn’t find any sources about any in-depth look into it, so I asked a family friend from the Albany First Nation from Ontario a few questions about it. Below, I’ve included my questions and have summarized his answers in a way that he agrees represents his answers.

Q: “How important is it for indigenous students to learn about immigrant groups as well?”

A: “It’s immensely important in my opinion for indigenous students to not learn solely about themselves. While much of Canadian history has sought to strip away their identities and knowledge, and they should learn about themselves as an overall priority, they should also be learning about those coming into the country. In the same way that we want to avoid cultural normativity between white Canadians and indigenous Peoples, ignoring the many other cultures of new immigrants sets the same precedent that “they should only learn about us.”

 

Q: What effect do you think that it would have for indigenous students to learn more about immigrants coming into Canada?

 

A: “Indigenous Peoples are widely welcoming and accepting of new immigrants anyways, but learning about different histories and cultures could make some change their approach in their welcomes. For example, if a particular immigrant population has historically had violent or otherwise tumultuous relations with another ethnic group that claimed stewardship of the land, then they would perhaps perceive us differently than another immigrant group might. It’s all about being open-minded about the experiences of others as well.

 

Q: Do you think that indigenous students not learning enough about immigrant populations is a reason for the apparent disconnect between the two groups within Canada?

 

A: “Not at all, the main reason still boils down to the colonial education system and overall anti-indigenous social framework into which immigrants are entering. Immigrants are primarily being greeted and initially supported by either other immigrants, or by white Canadians. Any prejudice or apathy regarding Indigenous Peoples is simply a learned position that they’ve picked up on from their environment. It’s also not our responsibility to be the welcoming committee for new immigrants and to be the ones to build that bridge. Neither of us are at fault here, and the main focus should be the decolonization of Canadian structures.

 

I found this interview to be quite interesting. I initially thought of the question about Indigenous students learning about immigrant groups as more of a “devil’s advocate” type idea, and I didn’t expect my Indigenous friend to agree at all. His concluding point about decolonization is a great foundation for my argument about bridging the gap between the two groups.

M4 P2

https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/first-nations-syrian-refugees-chris-hall-1.3348053

 

When thinking about the relationship between new immigrants and Indigenous Peoples, it’s important to consider the outside influence of the rest of Canada. In recent history, Canadians have shown far more compassion for refugees than they have for Indigenous Peoples in reserves. National priorities are telling when the former Governor General David Johnston called Canada’s national response to help Syrian refugees “an opportunity to reimagine how we take care of the most marginalized and vulnerable among us,” and that national aid was “a defining moment for Canada, a defining moment for all of us.” Cindy Blackstock, the executive director of the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, noted the hypocrisy in that “Canadians’ imagination for what they can accomplish internationally is much sharper than it is for what they can do at home.” Being that immigrants are being generally so warmly welcomed by Canadians, it wouldn’t be surprising that they would pick up on the Canadian tendency to “blame First nations for their own problems.” It could be that any apathy of immigrants towards Indigenous Peoples is simply a reflection of how Canada as a whole views them as well.

M4 P1

While some sources I’ve looked at have focused on recent immigrants reaching out to Indigenous Peoples, this video is a great example of the opposite.  This video, posted onto the website of the Immigrant Services Society, is a video created by Indigenous Peoples from youth to elders as a welcome to Canada. Starting with a friendly welcomes and brief descriptions of their role as stewards of the land, the viewer is drawn in and offered chances at comparisons of beliefs. The video ends however with a crash course of the history of colonization and of residential schools, with the clear intention of shock value after the previous 7 minutes of smiles and friendly welcomes. The approach is purposeful to make immigrant groups empathetic and aware of the treatment of indigenous peoples in the area to which they’ve just moved. The website is meant as a resource and information centre for new immigrants, so this video would be among the first videos that many new immigrants would watch. The video is also accompanied with a brief study guide that has terminology and summaries with links to further information about key events in Indigenous history post-colonization. Overall, this seems like in could be a successful method of direct messaging to new immigrants for immediate historical awareness of their new homes.

https://issbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Welcome-To-Canada-Study-Guide.pdf

 

M2 P5: The ON Project

This video came out just 4 days ago, but is exactly what my research question has been focused on. Samanta Krishnapillai, the founder of the ON Project, speaks directly to immigrants about their role within Indigenous reconciliation. In her direct approach, she says about new immigrants “they benefit from colonialism here even though historically they did not.” She also says “you, as an individual could have personally been the oppressed Indigenous community in a country that was colonized, but then by living here in Canada you are then benefiting from the colonial structures that exist here.

Looking at the ON Project website, there are free resources for learning about the recent discovery of 215 Indigenous children in Kamloops. Much of the content is directed towards an audience who may be learning about it for the first time, but in a mature tone, suggesting it is directly targeting Canadian immigrants. There is also the flow chart below, helping anyone understand their own role within reconciliation.

 

The ON Canada Project is a great resource for analyzing how an immigrant-founded campaign is targeting raising awareness among Canadian immigrants about Indigenous Peoples. The project only started last year, so there wouldn’t yet be any data to support the effectiveness of the project, but I would have to imagine that an immigrant-founded group would have much more influence than White Canadians telling immigrants to care more.

 

https://oncanadaproject.ca/settlerstakeaction

 

M2 P4: Social Barriers

Shankar (2020) writes about how both Indigenous and immigrant populations in Canada have a far more social and institutional barriers that hinder academic success. While this may not be directly related to my research topic, I believe that research about how immigrant students are faring in our education system is an important factor in educating about cross-cultural connections. If there are social and instititutional barriers preventing basic educational needs for immigrant students, then how can a student be expected to show empathy and care about cultural connections? The same is true for Indigneous students, who can’t be expected to become a part of the “welcome wagon” if they face constant discrimination from their peers and the education system itself.

A great quote in the article about the difference between the two is student groups is that” Immigrant students on the other hand, had migrated to Canada in search of a better livelihood. They had also experienced racism as evidenced from their expressed reluctance to approach authority figures like counselors, school administrators or to question the teaching staff. However, unlike their indigenous counterparts, they lacked a public discourse of sufficient general mainstream acceptance to fuel courage to complain or even ask questions.”

In other words, although immigrants and Indigenous students have similar experiences of racism and oppression, immigrant students are less likely to speak up due to fears and feelings of not belonging in the social space.

This article provides great insight as to some social and economic context for why the two groups have not formed a natural bond over shared similar experiences.

 

Shankar, J., Ip, E., & Khalema, N. E. (09/02/2020). Addressing academic aspirations, challenges, and barriers of indigenous and immigrant students in a postsecondary education setting Haworth Press Inc. doi:10.1080/15313204.2017.1409675

M2 P3: Comparing with New Zealand

https://citiesofmigration.ca/ezine_stories/introducing-newcomers-to-indigenous-people/

It’s important to look at how New Zealand has integrated their Indigeous culture into their own because of how similar they are with Canada. They have set the bar so to speak with how much better Canada could be doing. In this article, Vancouver and Wellington, NZ program leaders met to discuss Indigenous and immigrant cross-cultural integration strategies. Both cities had conducted internal case studies, and later met together to discuss their findings and strategies. Wellington has a population 10x less than Vancouver, so not all strategies can be equally applied, but there were still identified strengths that both programs recognized about the other. Some of these included the following key quotes:

Wellington has appreciated learning from Vancouver about the positive sharing that can naturally occur if safe ”dialogue spaces” are created between indigenous and newcomer peoples. Specifically, we have understood the value of creating opportunities for newcomers and indigenous peoples to share their histories, experiences and culture, and find the similarities.

“The most important learning for new migrants from engagement with Maori is a better understanding of their history and culture (and possibly even learn a little of their language). This is an important aspect of newcomer integration into bi-cultural New Zealand.”

“Assimilation is not the New Zealand approach to settling newcomers.”

“Local Maori chose Marae-based activities that would provide the opportunities of achieving the goals for newcomer migrants by including them in local communities and workplaces and support the  cultural differences they bring. In turn, newcomers learn to respect Maori  values and way of life  and care for the environment”

From what was shared about this conference, it seems as though Vancouver has in the past focused more heavily on providing spaces for dialogue, while New Zealand has focused more on Maori-led activities. This conference was in 2013, so it would be interesting to see if any immediate changes were implemented by either city.

References: https://citiesofmigration.ca/ezine_stories/introducing-newcomers-to-indigenous-people/

http://citiesofmigration.ca/good_idea/bringing-maori-culture-to-newcomers-the-wellington-regional-settlement-strategy/

http://citiesofmigration.ca/good_idea/the-vancouver-dialogues-project-where-the-gold-mountain-meets-turtle-island/

 

 

M2 P2: Introducing Cross-Cultural Opportunities

https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/dialogues-synopsis.pdf

This project that the City of Vancouver undertook in 2010 is interesting in that there was a formal acknowledgement of the lack of cross-cultural communication was taking place between Indigenous and immigrant communities. The project focuses on the implementation of 5 cross-cultural speaking opportunities from youth to seniors, but the desired outcomes are rather vague. UBC was involved in the project, so I would be curious to find out the project’s results and findings. One clearly stated goal of the project was for  testimony from communication would inform future practice, which may have led to the following project:

The following from the project indicates that there could be a connection: “for newcomers, it seems there are few opportunities to learn about the Aboriginal community living in their midst. Some studies have shown that newcomers are generally under-informed (if not misinformed) about Aboriginal history, perspectives and issues” (City of Vancouver, 2010).

This project only started in 2020 so there likely isn’t any data yet to suggest the effectiveness of immediate cross-cultural connections between immigrant populations and Indigenous peoples, but it’s a great idea and I would have to imagine it’s more effective than reaching out to immigrant groups after they’ve already settled. If there is no quantitative or qualitative data from this project, I would still consider this as a valuable resource about analyzing different approaches that the government has taken to solve a long-identified problem.

Sources: City of Vancouver (2010). “Dialogues Between First Nations, Urban Aboriginal and Immigrant Communities in Vancouver.”

https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/dialogues-synopsis.pdf

M2 P1: Bridging the Cultural Gap

 

https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=193419515986190

 

I shared this video in my initial research proposal post, but I thought it deserved its own blog post because it’s the embodiment of what my research question aims to achieve.

 

How can Indigenous education become more relevant and reflexive for Canadian immigrant populations?

 

Immigrant Canadians may feel a sense of apathy and disconnect from Indigenous populations because of their lack of historical contact, but culturally they may find many similarities. In the video above, we can see how similar the two dances are, and there is a sense of an instant connection through their dancing. I believe that a focus on these cultural similarities is an ignored aspect of the curriculum, because there are currently two main focuses in Indigenous education right now. These are learning about atrocities committed by white Canadians, and about integrating Indigenous knowledge and values within Canadian society. These themselves are not enough to immediately inspire immigrant support, especially because Canada has such a wide variety of ethnic groups who may feel as though their own values aren’t supported by the curriculum at all.

 

I am looking into how Indigenous education can be taught on a more individual level, so that students can learn and relate based on their own experiences.