Category Archives: Biological Sciences

“To pay or not to pay: a comparison of paid vs. unpaid research assistants”

Maybe you read this title and thought, “What kind of question is this, obviously it’s more convenient NOT to pay employees and get free labour in the lab you are running!” Undeniably, many employers may believe in this line of thinking as well.

However, recently we’ve had the opportunity to speak with Dr. Stephen Withers from the esteemed Withers Research Group.  Initially, we met to discuss his latest research about using newer and more efficient imaging probes that light up upon contact with influenza molecules.  But additionally, we happened to gain an understanding about his personal beliefs when it comes to paid versus unpaid research assistants.


Podcast: Delving into Dr. Stephen Withers’ life, and his road into the scientific world.

YouTube Preview Image
Video: Illuminating Influenza: a look into a new type of imaging reagent.


Description:
The Withers Research Group from the Chemistry Department

 

Dr. Withers claimed, “Many labs take volunteers, but I prefer to pay my researchers, to make sure that they’re committed. There can be volunteers that don’t feel quite as committed even after you spend lots of time training them.”

 

Upon hearing this, we were curious. Did the benefits of paying their researchers outweigh the costs required to pay them?

 

A qualified volunteer in a research lab offers their time and skills in exchange for experience in a field they are looking to delve into.  Although many volunteers choose to work in labs because they’re passionate about the field that is being researched, this is unfortunately not always the case. Frequently, undergraduate students who volunteer in labs do so simply because they believe that it will help boost their resumes for co-ops, or various post-undergraduate institutes. To explore this idea, we interviewed a 2nd year undergraduate student at UBC who asked to remain anonymous about the reasons why he volunteered within a research lab.

 

Image result for research labDescription: A Research Lab Environment
Source: Google images: Ryerson University

 

“…I’m not particularly interested in what I’m researching,” He claimed, “it’s not as if I do particularly specialized tasks anyway. I’m just volunteering because it should boost my application for med[ical] school.”

Indeed, there exist students who choose to volunteer without being interested in the research. This, combined with the fact that volunteer positions are unpaid by nature, it is apparent why some undergraduate volunteers may have some issues staying committed to the research after time passes as Dr. Withers hypothesized.

 

Image result for barbara sanfilippo commitment
Description: Quote by Barbara Sanfilippo
Source: Barbara Sanfilippo’s article

 

There is indeed a difference to having paid vs. unpaid research assistants, but overall, it is important for research groups to maintain an open mind and decide which style of accepting undergraduate students to work in their labs is right for their specific environment.

 

However, the simplest solution to this question is for students to only apply if they’re ready to commit and be passionate about the research they’re aiding.

 

This way, there’s not even a question to answer.

 

  • Jin Kyu Lee, Marianita Paspuel, Mirkka Puente, Alyssa Gutierrez

Flu: A New Season Coming this Fall

Nowadays, influenza virus commonly know as the flu is treated relatively as minor illness. However, knowing that flu pandemics have caused death of millions of people in the past ,  people should be more cautious, specially those at a higher risk: children, pregnant woman, the elderly. Additionally, influenza infections can be prevented by annual vaccination.

What is Influenza?

Source:  The Medscape Network Description: Influenza virus structure and its different components and surface proteins.

Influenza is a disease caused by influenza viruses that infect the respiratory system of many animals, birds and humans. In humans, some of the symptoms that characterize these infections are cough, fever, runny nose, sore throat and headache. Interestingly, these symptoms usually appear two or three days after infection and typically do not last more than a week. The three types of influenza virus, include: A, B and C; where influenza A and B  viruses usually infect a large numbers of individuals within a population at the same time.

History of Influenza virus

An influenza pandemic occurs because of antigenic shift,  a process in which two or more viruses combine together to form a new subtype of influenza virus that spreads worldwide. Through history, influenza A viruses are responsible for all the pandemics that have occurred and they represent the greatest threat to the population. For example, the deadliest flu pandemic is the Spanish flu, it took place in 1918, causing between 40 and 100 million deaths worldwide. In 1918, there were no vaccines available against influenza, neither were there antibiotics to treat secondary infections associated with influenza infection.  According to the article published by Peter Palese, influenza viruses type A and B are responsible for the death of approximately  50,000 people in the U. S. every year.

Video: “Flu virus”  Source:  National Geographic| YouTube

Why is the influenza virus a threat to people?

According to the article published by Declan Butler,  vaccines are required to be developed each year because some regions of the outer proteins of influenza virus can undergo high mutation rates during replication. This explains why influenza viruses avoid detection by the immune system. When a person gets infected with the flu, their immune system will mount responses  based on the first encounter the person had with the virus, so the response in a second or third encounter will be stronger and it will be against the unchanged regions of the virus. However, because the virus has changed structurally the antibodies against the previous version of the virus will not be of much help.

What is the best solution?

Development of new vaccines every year that best match the strains predicted for the incoming influenza season. Flu vaccines are able to reduce the risk of serious flu complications that can result in hospitalization or even death. While the efficacy of annual flu vaccinations were not very high for the 2017-2018 flu season: 17% in Canada, 10% in Australia and 25% in the U.S.,  but they are better than nothing.

Source: Las Vegas Sun Newspaper Description: Tips to prevent the spread of the flu.

-Mariana Paspuel

Stem Cells Remember Past Injuries of Tissues

YouTube Preview Image

“What are stem cells? – Craig A. Kohn”  Video Source: TED-Ed Youtube Channel

What are stem cells?

Stem cells are your body’s internal repair system and seemingly remember past injuries of tissues by retaining memories of old injuries for improvement of  healing in the future. Studies have indicated that stem cells also have behavioral roles of responding to the environment and sensing it.

As living beings, there are times we encounter various kinds of injuries through some traumatic events. These can be simple from paper cuts to serious injuries like the loss of limbs infarction. The body has a mechanism of healing these damaged tissues. Some organisms like earthworms have the ability of regrowth of complete body parts after an injury but human beings have no such ability. Stem cells are known to replenish such types of injuries by focusing on the healing of other cell types.

” What is a Stem Cell“ Source:Relievus

How can stem cells repair injuries?

In the healing context, repair refers to restoring tissue function and architecture after an injury. This is based on the processes of replacement and regeneration. Research has indicated that these stem cells also have the ability of remembering past inflammation and wounds. The suggestion from studies of the gut, airways and the skin is that together with the immune system, stem cells use the memories for the improvement of tissue responses to later assaults by pathogens which are bacteriums, viruses that can cause disease.

“VESC system in the liver” Source: MedicalExpress

The repair of tissues can lead to restoration of some of the original structures of the tissue damaged like epithelial layers but in complex healing of organ functions. Additionally, when the responses of the stem cells fail to go in the right way, they can lead to various enduring health problems based on chronic inflammation. It thus means that stem cells directly communicate with the immune system to facilitate healing but the stem cells have a central role of making tissues adapt to preservation.

(Word count:334)

Wenyu Zhao

Can Exercise Help Fight Drug Addiction?

Drug Abuse Worldwide

Image of various types of drugs. Source credit: Pixabay

Drug addiction affects the lives of millions of people worldwide. Drug-abuse can leave lasting physiological and psychological effects on users. In Canada, there are 47,000 drug-related deaths every year and the number continues to grow.

Drug-addiction is a life-long battle because it is a relapsing, chronic illness. Even after successful rehabilitation, one of the triggers that is known to cause a relapse in users is environmental cues related to their drug-use. These cues include places where they have taken the drug before or people they have taken the drug with. However, it is found that drug-addicts that exercise are less vulnerable to these environmental cues and thus less likely to relapse because of them.

Current Research

Initially, the mechanism behind the decreased vulnerability to drug-use associated environmental cues in exercisers was unknown. However, a recent article published by researchers at the University of Illinois studied this mechanism in mice and found differences in the peptides their body produced.

The mice were given cocaine injections for 4 days in chambers that had distinctive floor textures so that the mice would learn to associate that texture with their drug-use. Essentially, they created drug-associated environmental cues. The mice were then split up into two groups and kept in different cages for 30 days. One group of mice were kept in cages that had access to running wheels while the other group did not.

Mouse exercising on a running wheel. Source credit: Wikimedia Commons.

At the end of the 30-day trial, the researchers found that the mice that had access to a running wheel for exercise displayed a reduced preference for the cocaine-associated environment than the mice that did not exercise during that period.

They found that the exercising mice had less peptides related to myelin (a substance in the brain associated with fixing memories) and peptides related to actin (a substance involved in learning and memory) but higher peptides derived from hemoglobin (associated with cell-signalling in brain).

The results of the study conclude that changes related to peptides can help identify markers for drug dependence and relapse.

 

Why is this important?

 The findings from the study can be incorporated into drug rehabilitation for people with any type of addiction. There is an increased value of including some sort of exercise or physical activity in rehabilitation therapies. Moreover, this discovery sets stage for potential new drugs that can be used to treat drug addictions by incorporating different peptides.

Watch this video that goes over some of the early warning signs of a relapse:

YouTube Preview Image

 

-Reshmin Randhawa

Singing to Treat Parkinson’s Disease: It Works!

Do you know someone that has Parkinson’s Disease? Did you know that there are more than 10 million people around the world that suffer from this disease, but there is still no cure?

A recent study has discovered what could be a therapy for Parkinson’s Disease, but it is quite unconventional! Keep reading to find out more.

To provide some background information, Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a “neurodegenerative disorder”, which means that it causes serious damage to the nerves of the brain. Symptoms of the disease include hand tremors, extreme difficulty walking as well as mental problems such as hallucinations or delusional thoughts. The disease typically affects people over the age of 50.

Diagram of the “Basal Ganglia”, which is the part of the brain affected by Parkinson’s Disease. Source: Wikimedia Commons. This image is part of the public domain.

Now, the good news! A group of researchers at Iowa State University have been investigating the effects of singing therapy on a group of PD patients, and found that the participants’ heart rate, blood pressure, as well as self-reported anxiety and sadness decreased over the 2.4-year-long treatment period. These results show that the overall health and well-being of the participants improved as a result of the therapy!

What is “singing therapy”, you ask? Essentially, the treatment is weekly or bi-weekly, and consists of sessions in which the PD patients undergo vocal exercises and sing well-known songs as a group. Researchers found that the PD patients were able to breathe more effectively after the therapy!

You might be wondering how singing could possibly affect such a complicated disease, but as lead investigator Elizabeth Stegemoller describes it,

“We’re not trying to make them better singers, but to help them strengthen the muscles that control swallowing and respiratory function. We work on proper breath support, posture and how we use the muscles involved with the vocal cords, which requires them to intricately coordinate good, strong muscle activity.”

Essentially, singing therapy is beneficial to PD patients because it helps them strengthen the muscles used for swallowing and breath control, which are tasks that become difficult with the onset of the disease.

In addition to these benefits, the study found that the patients experienced improvements in their tremors and walking.

A depiction of a PD patient drawn by neurologist Sir William Richard Gowers in 1886. This image is currently used by the medical community as a reference for the symptoms of PD. Source: Wikimedia Commons. This image is part of the public domain.

Looking to the future, researchers are hopeful that singing therapy will be implemented as a clinical treatment for PD patients, as it is cheap, extremely low-risk, and lots of fun!

YouTube Preview Image

Watch this YouTube video (published by Iowa State University and available as part of the public domain) to find out more about the Parkinson’s Disease research being conducted by Elizabeth Stegemoller at Iowa State University.

Maya Liepert

The Venom that Can Cure You

Imagine hearing the words from your doctor, “You have cancer,” then feeling relived that it wasn’t anything fatal. Yes, scientists in Africa have discovered that the venom from Polybia paulista (South American Wasp) can kill cancer.

The polybia paulista (South American Wasp) is found native to Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.

The university of Brazil have begun experimenting its effects on mice with areas of tumour and seeing hopeful results. After stings from the wasps, the size of  tumours of the mice visibly shrunk significantly. This is cause by the venom having a protein Polybia-MP1 that causes the rupture on the parts of the cell membrane with these fatty component, phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Cancerous cell, unlike normal cells, have these parts on the outer membrane, making them more susceptible. The venom will actively damage these parts of the cells and cause the cell to degrade.

The process in which the wasp venom kills the tumorous cells.

Reachers are excited in the discovery of such medication. There exists a saying in Chinese “以毒攻毒” meaning using poison to attack poison.  The venom used does have its drawbacks. Normal cells are still susceptible to the the degradation and prolonged exposure can kill the healthy cells as well. Prolonged exposure to these venom will cause the patient to die. Researchers are still studying ways to implement this technique without harming the patient.

Dr Paul Beales, from the University of Leeds, stated that drugs that attacked the lipid structure of the cancerous cell’s  membrane are a revolutionary type of drug. “This could be useful in developing new combination therapies,” as he was keen on using multiple ways to deal with the tumour at the same time to increase the efficiency and to decease the time the patient is in contact with venom.

“This early stage research increases our understanding of how the venom of the Brazilian wasp can kill cancer cells in the laboratory.” said Dr Aine McCarthy, the science information officer for Cancer Research UK. She along with many others are excited to hear and is looking forward to do more tests on this subject before it is available to treat patients.

– Steven Li

Killing the Ghosts: Beating Drug-Resistant Cancerous Cells

Rapid expansion of molecular biologists’ knowledge of how cancerous cells with damaged DNA sustain a long lifespan has helped us find new aggressive ways to wipe out cancer cells such as more effective chemotherapy. One key obstacle to tackle is the fact that cancerous cells quickly become resilient to DNA-harming medications. This leads to many chemotherapy failures.

A new research just appeared in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology  introduced an innovative method of dealing with death-evading cancerous cells by stripping these cells of their drug-resistance developing capabilities, more vulnerable to DNA damaging drugs hence.

Pancreatic cancer cells deficient in the expression of the human gene known as Schlafen 11 and resistant to chemotherapy (left panels) were re-sensitized to chemotherapeutic treatment (middle and right panels) by inhibiting the expression of the transfer RNA known as tRNA-Leu-TAA through specially designed antisense oligonucleotides. [Manqing Li, Michael David Lab, UC San Diego] (Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN))

Built upon their prior works on HIV immunology, Professor Micheal David and Emeritus Professor Jean Wang from University of California (San Diego) say that a protein called Schlafen 11 stops the normal functions of the two vital proteins of cancerous cells, ATM and ATR. They explain that DNA damaging drugs activate Schlafen 11 which leads to cancerous cells death, and those cancerous cells which do not express Schlafen 11 simply survive the chemotherapy.  This study has a great potential for applications in immunology and virology, including HIV therapies, due to molecular mode of action of Schlafen 11.

David’s Lab further found out that, similar to the transfer RNA molecules of Schlafen 11, transfer RNA molecules of several gene families involved in DNA repair systems are encoded by transfer RNA gene rich in leucine amino acid. This provides a clue for making drug-resistant cancerous cells sensitive anew by attacking the transfer RNA molecules of DNA repair genes.

The findings show that disruption of normal functions of both ATR and transfer RNA could kill the cancerous cells combined with chemotherapy even though this technique could compromise whole DNA repair system. The paper also shows the role of cellular adjustments made in levels of transfer RNAs in survival or death of a cell with damaged-DNA for the first time.

by: Jamaledin Adel

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41594-018-0142-5?_ga=2.70392784.117150651.1540857600-2063335005.1540857600