Tag Archives: addiction

Gateways of Addiction

Posted on November 6, 2017 by | 2 comments

Credit to Flickr

The term “Gateway Drug” is often used to warn young adults that recreational use of certain narcotics can lead to addiction to more dangerous substances. However, while the term is generally applied to cannabis, a recent study suggests that we may have been limiting our caution too strictly; It was shown that, in rats, alcohol use resulted in a biologically-founded predisposition for cocaine. Given that alcohol is generally considered a fairly innocuous supplement to social amusement, this new research could force people to be more wary of its implications.

The study was conducted by giving a sample group of rats daily exposure to alcohol for a ten day period, which consisted of ten percent ethanol for two hours a day. Then, access to cocaine is added to the environment after the initial phase of alcohol dosing. The results were compared to a control group that was not subjected to an alcohol intake regimen. The results were significant: When the cocaine was removed for a short period of time (two 15-minute intervals), the rats in the alcohol-free group only attempted to access it 18 times on average, compared to the average 58 times of the group supplied with alcohol. Aside from examining the behavioural manifestations of cocaine dependence with prior alcohol use, the research also studied the biological characteristics involved. What they discovered was that long-term alcohol use resulted in the inhibition of the enzyme histone deacetylase (HDAC) in the nucleus accumbens, a region of the basal forebrain. The inhibition of the enzyme results in an accumulation of the protein ∆FOSB, which is firmly linked to increases in cocaine self-administration, thus showing that alcohol use can create an internal environment conducive to cocaine addiction.

Overall, the relationships between biological mechanisms of drug addiction are not fully understood. Future research into the area could potentially uncover more on the possible dangers (or conversely, the benefits) of common substances, and could change our fundamental views on many of them.

 

  • Arjun Thomson-Kahlon

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Your Brain in Love

Posted on October 30, 2017 by | 3 comments

Have you ever rejected someone who was madly in love with you? Have you ever been rejected by someone you really loved?

Neuroscientist, Helen Fisher, asked these two questions 20 years ago, both to which 95% of men and women said yes. Determined to understand this magic, she began a multipart project in 1996 to investigate the neurochemistry involved in romantic love.

She studied couples who had just fallen madly in love with each other, individuals who were dumped by their partners that day (talk about a rough day, huh), and couples who have been married for 20+ years. The fMRI scans revealed that people in love show brain activity in the same regions, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), as those addicted to hard drugs such as opioids and cocaine. Both of these areas are associated with dopamine production and distribution. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) associated with the brain’s reward system, primarily involved in addiction, cravings, energy, and motivation.

Brain areas associated with dopamine.             Source: Wikimedia

Dopamine. Source: self

Essentially, this means that lovers and drug addicts show similar behaviour. I think that perhaps romantic love is an even stronger addiction in a sense that everyone experiences it at some point but the same can’t be said for other addictions such as substance abuse or gambling. Those in love show the same fundamental symptoms of addiction: craving, tolerance, emotional dependence and when they get dumped they experience withdrawal and relapse.

Another neurotransmitter involved, according to Fisher, is serotonin which regulates mood, anxiety, and depression. Interestingly, she found that new lovers and long-term lovers had the same basic reward systems, with one exception. The fMRI scans showed that new couple had more activity in brain regions linked with anxiety; whereas long term couples showed activity is regions associated with calmness and pain suppression.

Serotonin. Source: self

With 20 years of research on the brain in love, Helen Fisher is a household name in Neuroscience. She nicely summarises her major findings over the years in this TedTalk. Dating platforms such as Match. com, Tinder, and others use her research on what attracts people to each other in their algorithms.

I think love as a positive addiction is certainly an interesting perspective. I believe that the scope of this can go far beyond just algorithms. Perhaps this means that building strong and healthy relationships can help people recovering from addictive behaviours such as substance dependence, binge eating disorders, gambling, etc. by acting as a reward replacement. Additionally, with rising divorce rates cross-culturally, understanding the mechanisms involved in love and how we form relationships, can help us become more empathetic and build long-term relationships as a society.

 

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