Category Archives: Science in the news

A “Nutty” Remedy for your Peanut Allergy?

 

Image from Aktron on Wikimedia Commons

If you are allergic to peanuts, you must know how annoying and potentially deadly an allergic reaction is. It is the most common and severe food allergy, as it  affects one in fifty children. It causes problem with breathing and can even induce anaphylactic shock upon ingestion in severe cases. Peanut allergies can even go as far as making an impact on one’s social life as well when all action has to be taken to avoid making contact with peanuts at all cost. Needles to say, a peanut allergy is a big inconvenient. However, it seems as though scientists might have found a cure!

In an attempt to find a cure for the peanut allergy in children, scientists conducted a study where small increments of peanuts were exposed to children’s diet. They first started with peanut proteins equivalent to 1/70 of a peanut, then slowly increased the amount. After a few months, 88% of the participants built the tolerance to eat 5 peanuts a day, and 58% were able to eat as much as 10 peanuts. The experiment was carried out in two six-month periods; in the first six months, the children were given a placebo. Actual peanuts were prescribed in the second six months. No peanut tolerance was observed when the children were given the placebo, so the results in the end were definitely not due to the placebo effect. This study was recently published and the scientists hope that one day this will become a treatment for peanut allergies.

This is a video the details the overall experiment:

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The peanut treatments were conducted in a controlled environment in case of the occurrence of an allergic reaction. This should not be tried at home. This study is still in it’s early stages and can not be considered a cure just yet. However, the results are significant and are a beacon of light for those who have severe allergies. If a cure for peanut allergy is possible, then perhaps a remedy for other allergies might someday be a reality as well. Hopefully, in the near future, allergies will no longer exist as a limit to people’s everyday activities.

By: Kimberley Xiao

 

References:

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2548416/Have-scientists-way-cure-peanut-allergies-children.html

http://www.popsci.com/article/science/potential-cure-peanut-allergy-successful-test?dom=tw&src=SOC

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)62301-6/abstract

 

Using nano-particles to protect teeth against bacterial damage.

Teeth are a very important part of our bodies. They play a significant role in the primary breakdown of food. But if not properly treated several complications can arise and cause deterioration or severe damage to our teeth. To protect our teeth from damage it is recommended to brush our teeth twice a day and floss on a regular basis. But sometimes despite taking precautions problems can arise, and dental problems often begin with plaque forming on the surface of teeth.  Biofilm formation also known as dental plaque has been identified to be the cause of many dental diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, cavities etc.

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/cartoon-tooth-dental-cavity-3234654.jpg

As a solution to protecting our teeth against damage scientists have discovered that coating the teeth with a layer of silver nano-particles, prevents biofilm formation on dentine surface as well as inhibits bacterial growth in the surrounding media.

Several different metal nano particles were compared in this study and various experiments were conducted to find the best metal nano particles. The results of the experiments suggested that silver nano particles are the most effective against pathogens as the silver coatings are found to be most susceptible to bacterial adhesion on the dentin surface.

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Video Showing Nano particles in action

Furthermore it was discovered that silver nano-particle coatings do not affect the color of the dentine, unlike other metal coatings, which cause the dentine to appear discolored. Silver nano-coatings are also found to maintain their integrity (shape and chemical makeup) over time. Preventing the need for frequent re-coatings over a short period of time.

http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/bdj/v20n4/v20a03f01.jpg

Dentin in teeth has several openings of dentinal tubules on its surface.  These openings are what that allows for dental plaque to form easily and bacteria can stick/adhere to the surface easily. Coating the dentin surface with silver nano particles fills these dentinal tubules,  which in turn prevents plaque formation.

Dentin Surface after the coating has been applied.

 http://www.jdentlasers.org/articles/2012/6/2/images/JDentLasers_2012_6_2_51_106653_u4.jpg

Thus the silver nano particle coating is the best way to protect our teeth. Not only is it safe, but it also does not cause implications such as changes in teeth color and nor does the coating have to be frequently reapplied. Lastly, to ensure that our teeth last us a lifetime it would be great to invest in such a procedure.

References:

Besinis A, De Peralta T, Handy RD. Inhibition of biofilm formation and antibacterial properties of a silver nano-coating on human dentine. Nanotoxicology. 2014, 8, 745-754.

By : Nitish Khosla

One step at a time: Harnessing energy from footsteps

Innovation in renewable energy is needed in order to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels.  Instead of importing energy from other nations, what if there was a way for every country to produce its own energy?   There is, and we are standing on it.

Pavegen Tile
Photo from: flickr

Pavegen tiles work by converting the kinetic energy of a footstep into electrical energy that can be used for numerous applications.  According to Laurence Kemball-Cook, inventor and CEO of Pavegen Systems, the average person takes about 150 million steps within their life time.  If every step was on a Pavegen tile, that would translate into enough energy to “power the average house for around three weeks”, said Kemball-Cook.

Piezoelectric effect: certain materials can generate electricity when a stress is applied to them
Photo from: flickr

Pavegen tiles work by taking advantage of the piezoelectric effect.  Simply put, certain materials can generate electricity when mechanical stress is applied to them.  The most common example of this phenomena is the ignition of a BBQ lighter.  Pressing a button on the lighter causes a small device to hit a piezoelectric material such as a quartz crystal.  Changing the shape of the crystal causes an electrical discharge that ignites the gas.

In this case, that stress is the pressure that we exert with every footstep on the tile.  When a tile is stepped on, it compresses slightly (8mm) and the electrical energy generated is captured and stored in a battery within the tile.  Currently, between 4-8 Watts of electricity are produced every time a Pavegen tile is stepped on.

This technology has proven to be effective in numerous schools and public transportation stations in the United Kingdom.  The majority of the energy stored in the batteries is being used to power LED lights located both on the tiles, and in the hallways in which the tiles are located.  In a station in London, 50% of the energy needed for lighting is now coming from power generated from passengers’ footsteps.

Created in 2009, this technology continues to spread around the world and has recently crossed the pond and was introduced in a public school in New York.

“As we scale up […] it can be comparable to other renewables like solar”, voiced Kemball-Cook at a recent TED talk.  “Think about the amount of untapped energy that we could create”.

Pavegen tiles could offer a solution to our growing energy needs;  that’s one small step for man, 4-8 Watts for mankind.

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By Morgan Haines

Avoiding the Sun for fear of Skin Cancer? You may want to Reconsider.

Image: Wikipedia Commons

Many have heard of the health benefits of vitamin D through sun exposure, but its recent media portrayals, especially during the summer months, have generally been negative due to the culture of sun tanning and its effects of prolonged UV exposure, such as cancer and premature skin aging. This has given the public reason to fear sun exposure and to justify staying indoors. Studies suggest, however, that there are more benefits to sun exposure than just vitamin D, but what exactly are they, and why would we risk getting skin cancer for these supposed benefits?

Firstly, we must discuss the effects of nitric oxides (NO) on our blood vessels. When inside the linings of our blood vessels, this compound binds to and activates specific enzymes, which trigger the relaxation of smooth muscle, resulting in the dilation of our blood vessels.  Professor Richard Weller of the University of Edinburgh, a longtime researcher in the roles of nitric oxide in human skin physiology, has shown in collaborated studies that sunlight aids in mobilising the nitric oxide species (taken in through our diet and natural production) that are stored in skin to the blood vessels, thus stimulating vasodilation. Blood pressure decrease associated with vasodilation lowers the risks of coronary related diseases, improving overall cardiovascular health.

For those attempting to replace sunlight exposure with vitamin D supplements, the study suggests otherwise. Particularly, it states that these cardiovascular health benefits are independent of vitamin D and are instead related to the nitric oxide mobilisation from the skin due to the sun’s UVA rays. In vitro tests through UVA irradiation onto skin has shown that it stimulates breakdown of the skin’s NO stores, releasing the nitric oxides. From these results, the added benefits of sun exposure that cannot be replaced by supplements is apparent.

However, the question that remains is whether or not these benefits outweigh the costs or risks. We should not deny the fact that skin cancer from overexposure to the sun is still a risk. In the video below, Dr. Michael Ruscio not only mentions the ideas covered by Weller, but also effectively includes examples of the most common cancers compared to skin cancer to put it into perspective.

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As Ruscio emphasises in an example, although the skin is ranked 10th in the 10 cancer sites, the male genitalia (ranked 3rd) and lymphoma (ranked 9th) are higher on the list and have been shown to react beneficially to sun exposure. To quantify the amount of sunlight we should receive, he suggests approximately 30 minutes a day, keeping in mind the variation in our complexions (those with darker complexions to receive more, and those with lighter complexions to receive less).

In retrospect, the right amount of sun exposure can have great benefits to cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and decreasing risks of cardiovascular related diseases, but like everything else we expose our bodies to, it should be in moderation. By doing so, we can avoid the painful aftermath of sunburns after an eventful day at the beach and more importantly, the risk of skin cancer.

– Leslie Chiang