Category Archives: Biological Sciences

Uptake of Intense Amounts of Calories Vs. Uptake of No Calories!

During the exam season, most of us pack on the fat!

Uptake of Intense amounts of calories. Photo by: Andrew Shieh

It is during the summer months that we participate in a strict diet to lessen the insulation around ourselves. Our loved ones try to prevent us from starving ourselves because extreme dieting is not a permanent cure to losing weight and can cause harm to our body.

However, this may not be true. Many of us might be unaware of the new study, Fasting can help protect against brain diseases, that shows fasting for regular periods of time can counteract the impacts of diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Furthermore, the researchers at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore explain that stopping all food intake can lessen the effects of such degenerative diseases.

Professor Mark Mattson, head of the Institute’s laboratory of neurosciences, explained that rats who had restricted food intake had an increase in their life span by about 40 percent, he believes that this would also be true for humans. Furthermore, Mattson along with his colleagues, takes this study further and explains that cutting food consumption, to about 500 calories per day for twice a week, can not only cure ill-health but can also prevent early death. Mattson also argues that fasting delays other conditions that might be affecting the brain, such as strokes.

Mattson suggests that decreasing your food intake is not the greatest method which would protect from degenerative diseases, but strong bursts of fasting and eating heavily are needed!

500 calories just include tea and few vegetables Photo by: Rudolf Vlcek

“Reducing your calorie intake could help your brain, but doing so by cutting your intake of food is not likely to be the best method of triggering this protection. It is likely to be better to go on intermittent bouts of fasting, in which you eat hardly anything at all, and then have periods when you eat as much as you want,” said Mattson.

Mattson and his colleagues have figured out a mechanism which explains that reducing energy intakes can increase the growth of the neurons. The reduction of calorie intake leads to a boost in amounts of cellular messaging chemicals and these specific chemicals allow the growth of neurons. The growth of these neurons counteract the effect of Alzheimer and Parkinson’s disease, according to Professor Mattson.

Moreover, Mattson’s model suggests that the growth of the neural cells is evolutionary because when our ancestors searched for food they had to recall where they had found the food previously. This would link periods of starvation and neural growth.

Although, this study provides some evidence which links starvation to a healthy brain, Mattson and his colleagues still need to answer why these neurons actually grow? Is there another factor which may be causing the growth of the neurons?

Well, aside from that, for the people who prefer to diet, this study provides a little ray of hope!!

 

 

Developments in Nanotechnology: Diagnosis within minutes

Doctors and scientists all over the world have fought an uphill battle with cancer and infectious diseases for numerous years. Each time a drug is developed to fight them, they manage to grow a little bit stronger, a little more persistent, and way more determined to evade these treatments and survive within the human body.
Dr. Shana Kelley and her team of researchers from the University of Toronto have developed a portable device with a disposable chip that could detect cancer at the molecular level, in its earliest stages of development.

Science and Technology


This would allow doctors to provide a treatment before the disease becomes malignant or terminal. Its design unique in that doctors would only need to take a sample of blood, urine or just a simple swab from the cheek to perform the test. Also, since cancer usually starts localized one particular area, early detection at this stage would allow more people to receive help when the disease is easily treatable.
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As Dr. Kelley states, this new development will completely revolutionize the way diagnostic tests are completed. Currently, it takes patients days or even weeks to get diagnosed with certain diseases or cancers from a quite painful and invasive biopsy. Statistics show that 29.6 percent of all deaths in Canada are attributed to cancer, so this new technology could potentially be able to lower that rate significantly. Furthermore, it would save the healthcare system millions of dollars.

Canadian Cancer Statistics


However, since this development is still in the early stages, I have to wonder just how accurate this test is and how will it be received all around the world. There are probably many developing nations who could use this type technology so it not only could potentially impact the medical field in the Americas but also around the world.

References
http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/tag/dr-shana-kelley
youtube.com

Mommy!!!

Image by: trishacupra

It’s only the second week of university and I’m already stressed out. The F-bombs have been dropping like no tomorrow: mention of the Finals, the Future and the Forecast (I mean who doesn’t long for “mostly sunny with a high of 26 degrees”?) has got me stressed like never before. But the real question is: How do I cope with all this stress?

A study out of University of Wisconsin-Madison shows that picking up the phone to cry “Mommy!!!” and having her comfort you is just as good as having mom give you a hug.

Once the results of this initial experiment were in, the next logical question for biological anthropologist Leslie Seltzer was whether it’s your mom’s tone of voice or the things she’s actually saying that reduced stress levels.

A follow-up study was conducted on 68 girls between the ages of 7 and 12 who participated in tasks in math and verbal skills. And just in case that wasn’t nerve-wracking enough, the experimenters had the girls do the tasks in front of an audience.

Who wouldn’t feel stressed after that?

After such a daunting activity, the girls were randomly assigned to different groups. Two groups acted as controls while the others were set up to test for tone vs. content. One of the groups was allowed to contact their mothers over the phone while another group was allowed to contact their mothers via instant messaging for support. Later on, samples of their saliva and urine were collected to analyze the levels of cortisol and oxytocin.

Salivary cortisol, also known as the “stress hormone,” is secreted in high concentrations in response to the body’s fight-or-flight response. Oxytocin is a hormone that not only establishes maternal behaviour by stimulating milk ejection but is also inhibited in response to high levels of stress.

Higher levels of urinary oxytocin are observed in girls who can touch their mother as well as girls who can hear their mother. Image by: Leslie J. Seltzer

It turns out that just by hearing their mom’s comforting voice, the girls’ oxytocin levels rose significantly while the levels of the stress-inducing cortisol decreased.”

Researchers also found that no matter how eloquently your mother can write a text, it doesn’t produce the same effect as hearing her speak. The girls who used instant messaging didn’t release oxytocin. Not only that, but they also had salivary cortisol levels as high as the control group that didn’t interact with anyone for support.

So if it isn’t the intricacies of human language these girls are finding comfort in, then I wonder if comfort works in similar ways across species. Wait a minute, there are still questions to be answered within our own species…Do boys display the same behaviour when being comforted by their moms? And wouldn’t this study depend on the type of relationship these children and mothers have?

Dr. Seltzer, you have definitely left me hanging with some unanswered questions…

References: The Actual Study, News Article, Additional information about oxytocin and cortisol

Make your dreams come true… in your dreams

The November/December 2011 issue of the Scientific American Mind has an interesting cover story about sleep and dreaming. I was especially intrigued by its article about lucid dreaming.

Lucid dreaming‘ is a term coined by the Dutch psychiatrist Frederik Willem van Eeden in 1913. It happens when the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming. Most people (8 out of 10) can recall having at least one lucid dream in their life, but sleepers who frequently experience lucid dreaming (once or twice a week) are rare. There are different degrees of lucidity in a lucid dream: from the realization that one is dreaming to having volitional control over the course of the dream.

In 2009, Dr. Ursula Voss and her team investigated sleepers’ brain activity using electroencephalography (EGG). The researchers found that the frontal lobes seem to perform very similarly in a lucid dream and in the waking state. On the other hand, the patterns of activity in the parietal and temporal lobes have more resemblance to those of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. These results allowed them to conclude that lucid dreaming is a hybrid state of consciousness in between waking and REM sleep.

It has been shown experimentally that sleeping can lead to insights. Many scientific discoveries were made based on an insight that happened during a dream, such as Loewi’s theory of chemical neurotransmission, Mendeleyev’s periodic table of chemical elements, and Kekule’s discovery of the structure of benzene. Recent studies have shown that lucid dreams can have practical uses as well. People can learn to increase their chance of having a lucid dream to decrease their frequency of nightmares. Athletes have been found to learn complex motor sequences more quickly after targeted lucid-dream training. Finally, lucid dreams can also boost creativity, such as finding metaphors.

Below is a video with tips on how to increase your likelihood of having a lucid dream.

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A lot more needs to be found about lucid dreaming still, but we can already imagine many other potential applications. Who knows, maybe one day university students will be able to get more sleep while still learning everything they need. But for now, I am just dreaming.

References:

Consciousness in Dreams

How Can You Control Your Dreams?

Unlocking the Lucid Dream