Category Archives: Issues in Science

ALS, Still Incurable?

About this time last year, you may have seen millions of videos on social media: people were pouring buckets of ice water over them, nominating others to either take the challenge itself or financially to help fight ALS. Until I saw one of those videos, I, personally, didn’t have any clue what they were doing. Yet, I had no scientific knowledge about ALS.

Normal nerve cell (left) and damaged ALS nerve cell (right) (Source: Mahesh Kumar - via Flickr - https://www.flickr.com/photos/maheshmedindia/7182628151/in/photolist-bWGR7p-8x8Vhw-mrehCZ-mrg65y-mreikk-b8j56g-bSpVqD-oXmggM-bu1MUH-JkXVq-dSh244-paFp4a-sbRLs-9ycT8J-s71EA-9jCphF-6ixrC8-jnEixn-nEAfpf-pGGChv-jnEiDK-bxmLCd-bxmLDj-bLgssZ-bxmLAu-bxmLBd-5vaBWM-5AqpP1-pqic1f-6d5Ebb-6d5Cfh-8TBvE4-8TBvVD-8DJYEE-8DJYDG-8DFSjD-5AqpJw-6d5Kch-8TF1qb-91VyCH-8TF2L3-8TBX4v-8TBY46-8TF5xW-3pJCp3-3pE4Pz-91YFdu-8TBZVF-8TF7Mo-6d5Bom

Normal nerve cell (left) and damaged ALS nerve cell (right) (Source: Mahesh Kumar – via Flickr)

ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), often called as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which causes motor nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord to degenerate. Eventually, the brain becomes impossible to initiate and control muscle movement. Patients in the beginning stage may experience difficulties with breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Later in the stage, patients become completely paralyzed. Stephen Hawking, one of the most recognizable scientists, was diagnosed with slow-progressing form of ALS in his early age. Most people who develop ALS are in between the age 40 and 70, but there are cases occurring in twenties and thirties. For more information of how it is like living with ALS, check the video below:

Credit: Roundabout U

According to an article from Johns Hopkins Medicine, ALS affects nearly 30,000 people in the United States. Every year about 5,000 people are diagnosed with ALS. Through the Ice Bucket Challenge, one of the most powerful examples of social media movement, the number of people, politicians, celebrities, and CEOs participated in this challenge, luring attention to the society. There was one of the key important message embedded in the ice bucket challenge. The idea of challenging people to douse themselves in cold water help them indirectly experience muscle contraction, just like how the ALS patients are going through.

Ice bucket (Source: Mauviel M30 Ice bucket - license available under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mauviel_M30_Ice_Bucket.jpg?uselang=en-ca )

Ice bucket (Source: Mauviel M30 Ice bucket via – Wikipedia Commons)

According to the article from Time magazine, ALS Association (ALSA), has received over $115 million in donations. ALSA allocated towards a number of research, community services and patients to improve the quality of lives. So far, it has spent about $47 million. Two-thirds of them were spent toward various researches of gene discovery, drugs and disease model development, and identification of biomarkers. 20% of the donations have been spent on patients and community services, and 11% on fundraising and education. According to ALSA, 79% of their budget was spent toward services and programs, and 28% of that was on research.

Recently, researchers have found a protein, TDP-43.  This is what ALS patients fail to have in their cells and if they repair this protein, the damaged cells in ALS can restore. Researchers are hoping to see if this method can be applied to many diseases that weaken muscles, such as  Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Without those funds, it would have been difficult to demonstrate this high-risk-high-return experiment. Through social media, ALSA has been able to draw the attention to this “incurable” disease for further research and education. Hopefully soon in the future, TDP-43 becomes a key to many neuromuscular disorders and therefore cure many patients.

 

Posted By: Josephina (KyungBin) Kim

Should I invite “coffee” and “Red Bull” to my late night study sessions?

We all know the feeling. After working into the night on a term paper, sipping coffee and dazing into the backlight of your laptop screen, your head finally makes its way to the pillow. You lie in your pitch dark room but you just cannot fall asleep. Why? You did have that coffee a mere three hours ago which is the cause of your wakefulness but could that really delay your entire circadian rhythm?

Your circadian rhythm is a natural body cycle that runs over a 24 hour period to match up with the hours in a day. Generally, this cycle controls your wakefulness and sleepiness by regulating the hormone melatonin. For more information about your circadian rhythm, please check out the video below:

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Credit: SciShow

Just a few days ago, the Journal of Science Translational Medicine published an article that stated what happens inside and outside of you when you consume caffeine just before bed. After approximately 49 days, scientists at the University of Colorado in the Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory discovered that individuals who consumed the equivalent of one double espresso three hours before bed caused a delay of approximately 40 minutes in their circadian rhythm. They found that the hormone melatonin which is normally at a high level before bed, was abnormally low in these individuals. Additionally, they assessed the effect of bright light exposure on the individuals and similar disruptions in the circadian rhythm were documented. In fact, it was found that bright light exposure had about twice the negative impact on the circadian rhythm than caffeine, delaying it by over an hour. 

According to Science Daily, caffeine is a psychoactive drug and we now know that it alters the natural circadian rhythm. Below is a list of common beverages and the amount of caffeine in each. It makes me wonder why so many individuals consume these beverages on a regular basis and why are there no regulations in place to monitor consumption?

Caffeine drinks graph

Credit: https://smithlhhsb122.wikispaces.com/Gabriel+S.

I think that if our generation started consuming caffeinated beverages as early as high school, the disruption in the circadian rhythm cycle could accumulate and cause long term issues such as chronic sleep deprivation, insomnia and other sleep maladies. This could cost millions of dollars in pharmaceutical drugs and other treatments to fix so it is important for us to take a stand now for our own well-being.

In conclusion, I believe that next time you are up late to study, it is best to choose beverages without caffeine. I think that the emerging research about caffeine consumption is incredibly important since caffeine is consumed on such a frequent basis. I would like to see some further research advising individuals of the best time of day to consume caffeine in order to minimize the impact on the circadian rhythm.

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Credit: geobeats

Rosalyn Desa

Birth Control and Grapefruit Don’t Mix

Ladies, we all remember the moment when the doctor is naming all the horrible side effects caused when starting new birth control pills: nausea, headaches, risks of blood clots, risks of breast cancer and many more.

L0059976 Model of a contraceptive pill, Europe, c. 1970 Credit: Science Museum, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://wellcomeimages.org Birth control was still a taboo subject before the 1960s. ‘The pill’ seemed an ideal contraceptive because it was effective, not messy, and did not interfere with sex. The oral contraceptive pill also empowered women to take greater control of contraception. However, the first pills had a far higher level of hormones than required. This caused heart problems in some women. Later pills rectified this. ‘The pill’ is still prescribed worldwide. maker: Unknown maker Place made: Europe made: 1965-1975 Published: - Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

L0059976 Model of a contraceptive pill, Europe, c. 1970
Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons Attribution only licence CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Although what most people do not know and what most doctors fail to mention is the effect that a simple fruit such as grapefruit can have on the metabolism of birth control pills.

By Citrus_paradisi_(Grapefruit,_pink).jpg: א (Aleph) derivative work: — raeky (Citrus_paradisi_(Grapefruit,_pink).jpg) [CC BY-SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

To see how such a fruit affects the way a female body digests the birth control pills we have to look at the constitution of these pills. Birth control pills are made of hormones that cause changes in the female reproductive system to make it incompatible with gestationEstradiol is a form of the sex-related hormone “estrogen” that controls Vaginal, Fallopian tube and Uterus growth. It is a main component of the birth control pills.  During the process of pill digestion, most of the pill is absorbed in the intestine with the help of CYP3A4 enzyme that has the ability to break down drugs and dispose them from the body.

Häggström, Mikael. “Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014”. Wikiversity Journal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 20018762. (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Unfortunately, drinking grapefruit juice or eating grapefruit affects the enzyme’s activity directly by inhibiting its digestive function. The inability of the pill to be absorbed by the body, leads to a high percentage of the contraceptive’s main ingredient, estradiol, to be left in the bloodstream. Such a hormone can be very risky if found in high amounts in the bloodstream.

The most common side effects that will be felt are dizziness, nausea and breast tenderness. Meanwhile, long term exposure to this factor can be a main cause for blood clots and breast cancer.

Even though there are existing speculations that predict grapefruit  has the ability to completely reverse the function of birth control pills by exposing women to the risk of pregnancy, there is no current evidence to support these claims.

Take a look at this video that gives general information on the side effects of having grapefruit while being on different types of medication:

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Author: ABC News

So next time you’re using birth control pills to practice safe sex, please stay away from the “forbidden” fruit that literally has the ability to ruin your life.

Posted by: Doris Stratoberdha