Category Archives: Issues in Science

What You Need to Know About Hand Sanitizers

Posted on October 12, 2015 by Even Zheng | 5 comments

As the flu season is fast approaching, soon we may be hearing coughs and sneezes coming from every corner of the lecture hall. As much as we want to avoid close contact with germ-carrying classmates, compact lecture halls with little air ventilation make it quite difficult, and washing hands after every interaction with someone is not realistic. This introduces the convenient alternative – hand sanitizer. You squirt it, rub away the cool sensation, and feel clean right away. But is it really that effective? Is there any problem with overusing hand sanitizers? Many studies have tried to investigate this issue.

Hand Sanitizer | NordPack from Wikimedia Commons

One of the two types of hand-sanitizers is alcohol-based, which contains ethyl alcohol. Hand sanitizers that contain at least 60% alcohol kills bacteria very effectively. But given its tremendous drying effect on our skin as well as the hazard of alcohol poisoning, an alternative to alcohol-based hand sanitizers appeared on the market. Non-alcohol based hand sanitizers contain triclosan, which is an antimicrobial ingredient also found in soaps and toothpaste. These hand sanitizers that have become popular claim to provide long-lasting protection without drying hands, but some debates have arouse regarding their performance as well.

Rumor has it that triclosan-based hand sanitizers are actually toxic. Is this true? An article released by CNN says that research has shown that triclosan can off-set the hormones in our body, disrupt the endocrine system, weaken muscle strength, and even lower the immune system. Although the toxicity of the hand sanitizers have not been concluded, popular brands of hand sanitizers that are heavily scented are likely to contain toxic chemicals like phthalates, which can disrupt endocrine by mimicking hormones.

Another major concern is that exposure to triclosan can frequently develop antibiotic resistance in our body, which in turn leads to more exposure to bacteria. In a 2011 study by the Epidemic Intelligence Service, researchers found that health care workers who often use hand sanitizers over routine hand washing were six times more at risk for outbreaks of norovirus, a winter vomiting bug in the UK.

Now that it seems both the alcohol-based and triclosan-based hand sanitizer have their downsides, it brings us back to soap and water – the classic method that’s both clean and effective. A quick wash before preparing food and after using the toilet can drastically lower the risk of getting diarrhea, according to a 2003 study by Curtis and Cairncross, as long as we wash our hands for more than 24 seconds. However, at times when soap and water isn’t available, a squirt of hand sanitizer gets the job done, but don’t rely on them routinely at every occasion!

-Even Zheng

I commented on Amir Jafarvand’s post on “Are Tall People Healthier”, Osama Qubain’s post on meditation, and Maureen Lai’s post on antidepressants.

5 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Public Engagement

Tagged antibiotic resistance, endocrine, flu season, hand sanitizer, hands, health, toxic, triclosan

Vitamin D, Why So Essential?

Posted on October 12, 2015 by Josephina Kim | 1 comment

During the summer, you may have seen media continuously blasting health warnings about dangers of sun exposure, such as skin deterioration and skin cancer. Surprisingly, too much exposure to sunlight isn’t the major problem, but instead, most people are likely not getting enough. According to an article from Scientific American, in United States, nearly three-quarters people are having vitamin D deficiency and the trend is continuously increasing.

Vitamin D is essential for many body systems. It is vital for bone health such as its metabolism, growth, and maintenance, and also for brain function and cognition processes. In addition, it moderates cell growth, helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorus, and assists in controlling immune function and inflammation.

Below shows how vitamin D works in our body in detail;

Credit: Douglas Bowker

Most vitamin D is produced within the body in response to sunlight exposure. However, occasional exposure of sunlight to our skin is insufficient for vitamin D intake. In order to optimize the levels of vitamin D, exposing large portions of skin to the sun for about 10 to 20 min. is adequate. Moreover, people can easily obtain vitamin D in daily lives through consumptions of fatty fish, fortified milk and cereal, orange juice, egg yolks, and more. Another way is taking vitamin D supplements which are widely available. Too much can be toxic, so one should talk to physicians or doctors beforehand regarding vitamin D supplements.

Synthesis of Vitamin D in Our Body from Sunlight (Image from WikiCommons)

Vitamin D deficiency, can cause osteoporosis (decrease in bone mass), and can increase the risk of fractures. It is common among older adults due to decreased skin abilities to synthesize vitamin D from sunlight. For children in 6-24 months of age, it is common that lacking vitamin D can cause rickets, a disorder that affects bones to soften and weaken.

Vitamin D Levels and Bone Diseases (image from WikiCommons)

According to the article from Times, recent study has shown that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia are most common in those with insufficient vitamin D. It contributes to faster cognitive decline in older adults, increasing the risks of AD and dementia. In the research, 1,658 adults with an average age of 75.5 and no sign of dementia participated. During the average follow-up of 4.8 years, vitamin D insufficient adults showed a greater decline rate on certain memory, such as episodic memory, and executive function tests, which may correspond to an elevated risk for dementia. Later at the follow-up of 5.6 years, 17.5% of participants had dementia and 32.7% with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which has a high risk of developing AD and dementia.

For more information on the research, check the video below;

Credit: ARIIX Corporate & Dr. Ray Strand

It is unknown if vitamin D supplementation will slow cognitive decline from AD or dementia and yet, there is no effective treatment against them. Nevertheless, the supplementation can possibly delay or even prevent dementia. Thus, exposure to sunlight and daily consumption of vitamin D are essential in our lives.

Josephina Kim

1 Comment

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Public Engagement

Tagged Alzheimer's disease, dementia, episodic memory, executive function, mild cognitive impairment, Osteoporosis, rickets, Science in the News, sun cancer, sunlight, supplementation, vitamin, vitamin D, vitamin D deficiency

Peanut allergy

Posted on October 11, 2015 by sogand goharpey | 1 comment

Image courtesy of: flicker.com

There are different types of food or substances that create allergies in humans. One of the most common allergies is peanut allergy.

According to MedicineNet.com, peanut allergy is the allergy which is common among adults and kids, but it usually occurs in children under 3 years old. This kind of the allergy has 80-90% of symptoms are related to skin, for example, skin rash and itching ;despite of that it has some severe symptoms; it affects the respiratory system, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular system; therefore, it might be fatal.

In order for doctors to diagnose patients with peanut allergy, there is a test called skin prick test (SPT). However, if the result is positive, it does not mean that you have peanut allergy and doctors need to take a blood test (peanut specific lgE levels) to make sure that it is peanut allergy.

Good news is that recently, scientists find a cure for this allergy that might save people’s life. In this study, scientists achieve that probiotic treatments will have a positive effect on people who diagnosed with peanut allergy and in the most cases it will protect people from having this allergy reactions.

Same study shows that probiotics and peanut allergies have negative correlation. Probiotic is a type of bacteria that is beneficial for our health. It will make our immune system strong and has positive effect on our gastrointestinal system and therefore, probiotic treatment is most likely to prevent people from food allergies and more specifically peanut allergies.

watch the following video to find out the details about the effects of probiotic on the peanut allergy.

source:One Post youtube channel

To conclude, if you have already diagnosed with peanut allergy or your kid has this kind of allergy ,instead of being worried about the reactions of your kids to peanuts put probiotics in their daily diet; by using probiotics not only you will save them from fatal reactions to peanuts but also you will make their immune system stronger and therefore, more protective to other diseases.

Sogand Goharpey

1 Comment

Posted in Issues in Science, Science Communication, Science Communicators

Tagged allergy, peanut, peanut allergy, probiotic, Science in the News

Why Stop at Just Organs?! The Human Head Transplant Project

Posted on October 11, 2015 by khemanh | 3 comments

Sergio Canavero, an Italian surgeon and neuroscientist, has proposed that his team will be ready to transplant the head of a 30 year-old man with muscular dystrophy onto another body by 2017. Sergio intends to use this process to better the lives of only those who have no other option left (such as those with muscular dystrophy), and has no intention of using this method for cosmetic purposes.

Source: Redorbit.com

Helen Thompson from New Scientist summarized the process: the body would first be cooled down to help the cells live longer without oxygen and then the head would be severed. After connecting the major blood vessels, the new head would be fused to the spinal cord of the other body; a solution containing polyethylene glycol would be used which would help mesh the two parts together. A coma would be induced for about a month to allow the cell growth to continue undisturbed, and electrodes would be implanted to help stimulate nerve growth. Anti-rejection drugs would also be given to ensure a successful transplant.

Canavero has asked the help of Ren Xiaoping, a surgeon from China who has already done roughly 1000 head transplants on mice. Although the mice did not survive for more than a few minutes, Xiaoping will soon be moving on to operating on primates and told The Wall Street Journal that he hopes they will live “for at least a little while”.

Above: Dr. Ren Xiaoping (left), and Dr. Sergio Canavero (right).

Source: images.china.cn

Personally, I think all of this is nuts. I understand the benefit to those receiving the transplant that truly are in need of it however I cannot accept that as justification for the implications of such a procedure.

First off, there is no guarantee that this procedure will work. However assuming the operation proceeds without major complications, what is there to stop this from eventually being performed for cosmetic purposes? Of course there are regulations in place that would not allow bodies to be donated for solely cosmetic purposes, but what is there stopping the black market from simply creating a new niche for head transplants?

Another point to consider is if the donation of an entire body for the benefit of one individual is fair. The wait time for transplants for different organs varies from five years for a kidney to four months for a heart. One organ donor can help provide life for up to eight people and help improve the lives of another 50 people! Is it really fair to use the entire body for the benefit of one person versus potentially benefiting up to 58 people?

Personally, I don’t believe I would agree with the body of a deceased family member or friend being used for a head transplant. At the same time however, if a friend or family member was in a position where a head transplant might benefit them, I might be forced to reconsider.

Below is a news clip from RT covering the topic:

Let me know where you guys stand on this issue, in the comments below!

3 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science

Tagged Controversial, Donor, Head, Organ, Science in the News, Transplant

The Sixth Extinction Will Be Caused by Humans

Posted on October 5, 2015 by Bowen Zhao | 5 comments

In the past, there have been five mass extinctions which were due to various reasons. None of those reasons were due to the effects from any one species. However, there is no doubt that humans will have a role in the sixth extinction. In fact, it wouldn’t be an understatement to say that the sixth extinction is already in progress and humans are the ones to blame. Many scientists agree that a biodiversity crisis is already underway.

The video below gives a nice summary of the past mass extinctions and what the sixth extinction will be like.

Credit: It’s Okay To Be Smart

Humans over-consume, pollute the environment, and destroy habitats. The list of human activities which negatively affect other species seems endless. What evidence is there that these human activities are to blame for the current crisis? Well, there is a lot of evidence.

Millions of years ago, before humans existed, there was about 0.1 extinctions per million species per year. Compare that with the current rate of extinction which is about 1000 times higher at 100 to 1,000 species lost per million per year. Since there are 8.7 million known species, about 870 to 8,700 species are lost worldwide per year at the current extinction rate. Unfortunately, there are still many species not recognized so those numbers should be higher.

The habitat destruction caused by humans is a major contributor to species extinction. For example, oil spills are relatively common and can have devastating effects. The year 2015 hasn’t even ended and there have already been four oil spills this year. In the year 2014, there were six oil spills contributing a total of about 5000 tonnes of oil. If you think that number is big, you won’t believe the amount of oil spilled from the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig in 2010. An estimated 205.8 million gallons of oil was spilled in the Gulf of Mexico. Among the thousands of animals killed, endangered species such as bluefin tuna were also affected by the oil spill. From this single disaster, the population of species indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico plummeted enough that it would take generations for them to recover.

Even from space, you can clearly see the oil as white and gray streaks. Credit: NASA

Credit: MSNBC

Credit: William R. Parrott

So the situation of other species seems pretty dire but that doesn’t mean it’s too late for people to try preventing the sixth mass extinction from occurring. If humans can cause extinctions then why not also stop extinctions? Nonetheless, you might still want to plan a trip to the zoo. Who knows which animal will disappear next?

Don’t deny it! Credit: Mimi and Eunice

Credit: SourceFed

-Bowen Zhao

5 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Uncategorized

Tagged biodiversity, endangered, environment, extinction, habitat destruction, oil spill, Science in the News

How are we going to control our population?

Posted on October 4, 2015 by ori nevares | 3 comments

The human population on earth is growing out of control. The effects of this growth can be seen with our growing demand for resources and the environmental effects of using them at an increasing rate. The most frightening part about our population growth is that its has an exponential character meaning that every year it grows at a faster rate than the previous. The UN World Watch releases population reports every year showing a range of predictions that our growth will take but all of them show increases with a low chance of levelling off anytime soon. The idea that our population will expand beyond our technological capabilities is becoming real and intervention needs to happen fast before its too late. Luckily there are many ethical and non invasive methods that can help overcome this problem. If implemented correctly, we can reduce many issues we face today including,poverty, food shortages, climate change and quality of life.

Image from: Dss Research

One of the most commonly known population growth controls is China’s one child policy. This was enacted in 1979 with the intention to reduce the social and environmental problems within China. This method is very effective and credited to have prevented 400 million births. This method is however subject to many ethical issues as the penalty for failing to abide by the law is a fine. Often, families who are poor and less educated are the ones burdened with higher birthrates. An additional child, matched with a heavy fine could result in very poor living conditions and a drive to terminate pregnancy in an unethical and dangerous way.

Video from: Thomson Reuters Foundation

To control our population growth in a more ethical and effective way we must go beyond the birth process and target the actions leading up to it. It is known that sex education systems and contraceptive resources have helped control birthrates while avoiding to harm or interfere with peoples lives. The education and empowerment that comes from these systems helps both women and men make educated and wise decisions regarding their sex life and ultimately avoid unintended births which help further decrease population growth.

Ted Talk by Mechai Viravaidya.

Another effective way at controlling population growth is the empowerment and equalizing of both male and female rights and opportunities. Part of the reason why more developed and equal countries have lower population growth rates is because women are attending school at the same rate as men and given the same work opportunities delaying marriage and often childbirth.

Image from: Vox.com

Despite the looming dangers of our population growth on earth there is still room for improvement and the capabilities of controlling population growth in an effective and ethical way can have large effects on the stability and endurance of the human race.

Ori Nevares

3 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Public Engagement, Science Communication, Uncategorized

Tagged birth control, developing countries, exponential growth, growth, human race, one child policy, population, Science in the News, sex education, sustainable development, world

Motion Sickness: Where does it come from?

Posted on October 4, 2015 by Ravjot Ahluwalia | 2 comments

Ever been excited to go on that road trip to your favourite destination, only to find yourself sprawled onto the seat unable to look outside because nausea hits you unexpectedly? Not to mention, this phenomenon takes place only a quarter of the way there, making the journey even longer and unbearable. From personal experience, I know exactly how that feels. But the main question is, why does this take place?

Roadtrip by Stig Nygaard (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eriks_airconditioned_road_trip_car.jpg) License available under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en) via Wikimedia Commons

Roadtrip by Stig Nygaard via Wikimedia Commons

There have been many hypotheses regarding the cause of motion sickness, however, scientists are not exactly sure what the main reason is. Symptoms of motion sickness, such as nausea, vomiting, sweating, headache, dizziness, hyperventilation, drowsiness or general feeling of discomfort, are common regardless of which mode of transportation is taken. According to the British Medical Journal, a common theory of why motion sickness takes place is mismatched sensory signals between the visual and vestibular systems. The vestibular system provides balance and spatial orientation in our body by sending signals of motion to the central nervous system. In a moving vehicle, your eyes see that you are immobile because nothing in the car is moving, while your ears, which hold the vestibular system, sense that you are in fact moving. This mismatch in visual and sensory systems causes the syndrome of motion sickness.

Vestibulární systém by VestibularSystem.png (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VestibularSystem_la.png) CC BY-SA 3.0 ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) via Wikimedia Commons

The Vestibular system by VestibularSystem.png via Wikimedia Commons

Another reason why nausea is induced as a result of motion sickness is because of an evolutionary trait to keep the body safe from ingestion of neurotoxins. This happens when someone is sitting still, while watching a movie perhaps, and the screen is showing movement. The eyes can be deceived into believing that the body is moving while the vestibular system senses no movement. This results in an abrupt signal being sent to the central nervous system, which the body counteracts with vomit.

Although not everyone is susceptible to motion sickness, it does affect about 66% of people when they are put in more severe conditions. There are a few things you can do to decrease the severity of motion sickness. Firstly, look out the window of a moving vehicle towards the horizon of the direction you are going. To acquire optimum results, sit in the front seat since doing so visually confirms that you are moving. Secondly, chew something like gum because this can restore the balance within your body. Thirdly, close your eyes and, if you able to, nap as it is great for reducing the conflict within the visual and vestibular system. Lastly, ginger has been found to reduce motion sickness quite effectively.

For a deeper understanding of motion sickness, take a look at this video:

Credit: TED-Ed

So next time you’re going on that long drive or vacation on a that cruise ship, use this as a guide to make sure motion sickness does not ruin your trip!

– Ravjot Ahluwalia

2 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science Communication

Tagged ginger, motion sickness, nausea, transportation, vestibular system

Coffee for your health

Posted on October 4, 2015 by sogand goharpey | 2 comments

Image courtesy: of Flickr commons

People across the world, especially in North America, cannot live without taking caffeine daily. However there are different food that contain caffeine , coffee has the highest amount of caffeine and is the most popular one . According to Coffee Association of Canada, In 2013, 65% of Canadian adults over 18 drink coffee daily. There are several reasons for this consumption. Some use it to become alert and awake, while others drink coffee to be relaxed. Although, coffee has more roles than relaxing on our health ; one of its important roles is its role on Parkinson’s disease.

In one study, scientists proved that coffee has a positive effect on Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease(PD) is a progressive disruption of nerve system that affects the movement and it usually happens to the elderly. In the other words, PD will occur when Dopamine is not produced in nerve system. Dopamine is responsible for movement in our body. Coffee has a neuroprotective role and will react with our brain nerves and increase the level of Dopamine and therefore, reduces the risk of Parkinson’s disease.

The other study also showed the negative correlation between coffee and Parkinson’s disease. Researchers did a study to see if this association is equal in women and men and after they did an experiment they found that coffee will prevent both men and women from PD, however, the probability is higher in men.

To conclude, if you drink coffee 3-4 cups a day , you will protect yourselves from some fatal diseases such as Parkinson’s disease or if you have already diagnosed with a PD, you can reduce the symptoms by taking this amount of caffeine in your daily diet; therefore, you will live longer and happier.

To find out how caffeine have an effect on PD in details, watch this video below.

YouTube video courtesy of: Boomers Braintrust

Posted by: Sogand Goharpey

2 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Public Engagement, Science Communication

Tagged caffeine, coffee, health, Parkinson's disease

How to Stop Global Warming

Posted on October 3, 2015 by Kamyar Kazemiashtiani | Leave a comment

Global warming is one of the biggest problems that human beings have ever experienced. This problem has numerous negative impacts on our health and economy . Therefore, it seems necessary for us to find ways to tackle this problem.

First of all, we should know the clear definition of global warming.

According to “Annex II Glossary” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Global warming is a phenomenon that is caused by increas in Earth’s average surface temperature because of the effect of greenhouse gases such as CO2, which prevents heat to escape from the Earth.

Because global warming has so many catastrophic results on environment, it is important to identify the reasons for it and realize how to combat this phenomenon . The first reason is because of the greenhouse gases effect ; absorbing heat by these gases from the surface and the emitting it back to the surface lead to warming the the surface and lower atmosphere . Furthermore, scientists believe changes in solar radiation and variations in Earth’s orbit are other reasons.

Global Warming
Credit : National Geographic

Scientists have realized some practical ways to combat this unsolved issue.

Reducing tropical deforestation can have a significant effect in lowering emissions that are the causes of global warming. Because CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas, stopping deforestation and planting trees can have a major effect on reducing the global warming. This is due to the fact that plants take carbon dioxide in and then release oxygen to their environment. Therefore, planting new trees could be a positive approach.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Christmas_tree_farm_IA.JPG

Forests
Credit : Wikipedia

Deforestation and Global Warming
Credit : VOA News

Another solution to global warming is reducing the waste that we produce. Disposal of waste can produce combination of several greenhouse gases that are the main reasons for climate change. For example, methane that is one of the most important greenhouse gases which is produced when organic matters decompose in landfills. Recycling items such as plastic, paper and glass can significantly reduces the amount of emissions .

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Slum_and_dirty_river.jpg

Wastes and Dirty River
Credit : Wikipedia

Our personal cars are considered to be the most significant source of the greenhouse gases that are in troposphere. For example, emissions from cars and trucks in The United States of America account for 20% of all emissions. So, we can contribute to reduce greenhouse gases in some ways including: travelling by public transportation and driving smart .

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Trafficjamdelhi.jpg

Transportation
Credit : Wikipedia

Since consumption of fossil fuels is the reason for releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to atmosphere, it seems necessary to find other ways to generate energy. Renewable energies such as solar power, wind and geothermal heat are the most striking examples of clean and sustainable alternative energies. With using these energies, we can combat global warming by the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.

https://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2013/06/07/09/59/cape-ortegal-117601_640.jpg

Wind Power
Credit : Pixaby

By using mentioned solutions and the modern technologies that we have, we can reduce the amount of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere.

Kamyar Kazemiashtiani

Depressing News: Antidepressants are not Always Effective

Posted on September 28, 2015 by Maureen Lai | 1 comment

What is depression? Depression is a medical condition which affects a person’s emotional and physical states. It is something that can be dangerous and deadly. Some common symptoms of depression are feeling hopeless, fatigue, difficulty with concentration, change of appetite, and there are many more. Depression or mental illness often has a stigma surrounding it. However, depression is very common and antidepressant medication is often prescribed. Here is a quick video explaining what depression is:

The Science of Depression
Credit: Mitchell Moffit and Gregory Brown

Recently, there has been reports that pharmaceutical companies have been “selectively publishing” clinical data from their clinical trials of antidepressants. However, it is fundamental that findings from evidence-based medicine are unbiased and complete, otherwise the effectiveness of any drugs become unrealistic. Through selectively publishing, companies have deceived many people to believe that antidepressants do more than the drug actually does by only publishing the studies with positive outcomes.

Currently, the most commonly prescribed antidepressant medications increase the levels of serotonin and they are known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). In recent literature, the usefulness of the SSRI antidepressants have been disputed that they are only as effective as the placebos given during the clinical trials for treating minor depression.

SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin which in theory will improve mood. Credit: Thomas Splettstoesser

Moreover, in The New England Journal of Medicine, a group of researchers reviewed the studies of 12 antidepressant drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and they found that studies with negative or questionable outcomes were not published. They discovered that in published literature, the public is provided information that shows only the positives of the medication. For example, if the public is informed that 94% of trials conducted had positive outcomes, then in reality only about 51% had positive outcomes. These numbers arose out of analyses of both published and unpublished clinical trials.

Through further studies by other researchers, it was discovered that in 2012 GlaxoSmithKline was fined $3 billion for “selectively publishing” and fraudulently promoting drugs, including drugs for mental illness such as Aropax. They admitted that they promoted the use of an unproven antidepressant.

Those affected with depression should first turn towards natural treatments, many of which that can be easily found on reliable sites on the internet. There are many self-help websites that can aid a person coping with depression and it is vital that these people get the support they need. Here is a video that shows the perspective of a person suffering depression:

What It’s Like Living with Depression
Credit: BuzzFeedYellow

– Maureen Lai

1 Comment

Posted in Issues in Science

Tagged depression, health, medicine, mental illness, Science in the News, wellness

Category Archives: Issues in Science

What You Need to Know About Hand Sanitizers

Vitamin D, Why So Essential?

Peanut allergy

Why Stop at Just Organs?! The Human Head Transplant Project

The Sixth Extinction Will Be Caused by Humans

How are we going to control our population?

Motion Sickness: Where does it come from?

Coffee for your health

How to Stop Global Warming

Depressing News: Antidepressants are not Always Effective

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