Goffman in “Asylums” aims to discuss the uneasy construction of “the Self” through the oppression of societal total institutions (mental hospital in his article). He first defines Total Institutions as “places of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed formally administrated round of life” (492, emphasis mine). When reading this, I cannot help but to notice his choice of his terminology. The presence of the words “cut off” and “enclosed” in the sentence portrays a negative implication regarding the notion of Total Institutions. His definition implies that total institutions are something set apart, pushed beyond the outskirts of societal functionality, a nucleus for absolute administration. As this definition is written right at the beginning of his article, it is clear that Goffman is attempting to grasp the notion of Total Institutions as problematic in which this type of totalitarian government envelops all thoughts, feelings and actions. In his article, he aims to pursue that one’s “Self” is undoubtedly the product of societal influences (the total institutions which strip the inhabitants away from any kind of portrayal of their true selves).
It is through this kind of identity-suffocation phenomena that the individuals are subject to the Mortification of Self, referring to the “process of ‘killing off’ the multiple selves possessed to prior to one’s entrance into the total institution and replacing them with one totalizing identity over which the person exercises little, if any, control” (492). As a result, Goffman implies that once the person is subjected within a Total Institution, the identity he or she once was will eventually erode as time progresses, intensifying the feeling of loss.
As a UBC student, I do believe that that the university is a total institution. I agree with Goffman when he states that these total institutions are “cut off” and “enclosed” when applying to UBC, in which the location of the campus is disconnected from the main cities of Greater Vancouver (such as Burnaby and Richmond). I also agree with him when he mentions that these total institutions are “formally administered round of life” (492), stated in his definition. In relation to conversing about our university campus, students are attending school under strict regulations of a campus wide government in which we must comply to. Not only subjected to students, but faculty members, office administrators and everyone else working within this circle of “residence”, is administrated under the umbrella of our UBC government, the AMS. Under circumstances in which one fails to follow the policies, consequences are put through to reinforce the established laws within the university.
Furthermore, Goffman reasons that individuals who fail to comply within the restrictions of the system are attempting to preserve their self-identity. This inability to obey to the institution’s demands represents the notion of Secondary Adjustments, in which the “individual stands apart from the role and the self that were taken for granted for him by the institution” (493). Goffman refers this means of preserving the patient’s self – identity as relying on “tearing up his mattress, if he can, or writing with feces on the wall” (500).
Goffman’s perspective is that it is through the totalitarian notion of an institution (a mental hospital), in which the patients are under continuous oppression from the authority of the hospital. Due to this, it is at this peak moment where sudden outbreaks of violence or cracks of disobedience come to light for reasons of redemption and re-identification of themselves as humans, not as patients. However, I believe that as students of UBC, it counters Goffman’s idea. Instead, I see UBC as a place of self-cultivation, not self-depletion. I cannot argue against the fact that UBC is not a total institution, but I can argue that UBC does not comply with the rules in which Goffman states in reference to patients struggling to reclaim their lost identities. UBC is a place where students come together to mindfully concentrate on their interests, to mindfully learn from academic scholars within their realm of studies, to mindfully open up their horizons to greater possibilities and to obtain unique skills (academic studies, clubs, sport teams). Therefore, UBC is a foster home which allows students to form a type of “self” through the growth of academic knowledge and personal developments. It is through this notion which the campus, in turn, forces individuals to reach out and claim their student identities. Goffman’s iteration suggests the power of the asylum which not only restricts the patients to reach out, but instead pushes the patients deeper into complete control.
Both are total institutions with power in place, but the core difference, thus, is that there is no history of loss identity for UBC students, while the imprisoned patients are individuals who have lost their past identities due to the simple entry into the absolute governance of the asylum.
From freshman year to my current status as a third year undergraduate student, I have undoubtedly grown from the very first day of school as a sophomore. These few years I have opened up my mind into numerous directions and learned countless experiences, all of which have constructed and reconstructed my identity as a whole.Therefore, Goffman’s definition of total institution leading to the withdrawal from the authentic self, is the product of the “enclosed, formally, administered round of life”. His notion can be accepted in the context of the clear power dynamics between doctor-patient relationships. However I feel that what Goffman is missing is that he generalizes much of the idea of total institutions as something empowering in all kinds of institutions. It is clear though, when thinking about UBC, that in fact not all institutions with class of elites run the same governance as total institutions. I believe that all institutions run differently. Moreover, not all are conditioned under a single definition of “Total Institution”.
References:
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates. Garden City, N.Y: Anchor Books.