Category Archives: Issues in Science

“You are what you eat”— dietary nutrients determine sleep patterns

Recent study led by Dr. Michael A. Grandner, instructor and member from the Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology at the University of Pennsylvania, shows that certain dietary nutrients may be associated with a person’s sleep pattern; specifically, in terms of the duration of sleep.

Image taken from RelaxingMusic from Flickr

In fact, from the statistical analysis, the research team found that many of the differences were largely driven by several significant, key contributing nutrients:

  • Water
  • Lycopene (commonly found in tomatoes)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Vitamin C
  • Theobromine (commonly found in chocolate)
  • Dodecanoic acid / Lauric Acid (commonly found in coconuts and palm kernel oil)
  • Choline (commonly found in eggs and fatty meats)
  • Selenium (commonly found in nuts, meat and shellfish)
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium(commonly found in broccoli and nuts)
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Based on their research findings, Grandner found that people who have very short sleep (less than 5 hours) tend to have lower intakes of water, lycopene, carbohydrates, those with short sleep (6 hours) have lower vitamin C, water, selenium and those with long sleep (more than 9 hours) have lower intakes of theobromine, dodecanoic acid, carbohydrates and choline.

With midterms still ongoing and those dreaded finals coming up, for those of us who fall under the short or very short sleep categories, perhaps by reading this blog post you might start reconsidering your daily diet and foods that you should add in or perhaps even take out.

Did you know that sleep deprivation is also known to be associated with obesity, metabolic dysregulation, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric illnesses and performance deficits?

So, the next time when you’re having a bad morning from not sleeping enough, you should also reflect back to what and how have you been eating lately.

More human than just another Artificial Intelligence

Ask your (grand) parents: had they, 30 or 40 years ago, anticipated to live in an era where people carry cell phones, do face time, or shop via the Internet? Some may had imagined to witness today’s technology and some may had not. One of the most debated future technologies that many scientists feel skeptical believing we won’t ever achieve is human-like artificial intelligence. However, new software made last year may bring us closer to creating computers that operate like human brains.

So far there has been a number of artificial intelligences (AI) so smart that one of them has won the quiz show Jeopardy (IBM’s Watson) and another makes video games on its own (Angelina). Artificial Intelligences are programmed to think like people so that if one asks it and a real human a question, he cannot distinguish whether answer is from the real human or an AI. However, AIs do not at all work like human brains do; they are computers pre-programmed only to perform tasks with the data they store.

This time, a team of scientists of the University of Waterloo made an artificial brain that works more similar to ours. Its name is Spaun, acronym for Semantic Pointer Architecture Unified Network. Spaun is a supercomputer with 2.5 million simulated neurons (average human brain has 80 – 100 billion), an eye, and an arm. With its 2.5 million neurons, Spaun processes what it sees with its eye and performs tasks like a human brain would. Below is a video and a summary of some stuff Spaun can do:

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it can recognize, write, count, and remember numbers as well as forgetting them. via Youtube user: CTNWaterloo

The abilities of Spaun may not seem as impressive as AI Watson or Angelina, and even stupid in comparison, taking 2.5 hours in real time per 1 second in the video. However, the importance of Spaun’s birth is that it works like a human brain. With this, scientists can run experiments unethical to perform on human subjects such as killing neurons and observing brain degradationNow that we have an artificial model of human brain, I think we are a little closer to the future where computers will think and make decisions on its own like humans. 

How to stay warm through the long winter months

Do you sit in your house every night wrapped in blankets because it’s so cold? I know I do. Especially with the cost of heating these days, who has the money to heat a whole house ? Also, there is the problem that heating a house in the most common ways, such as gas and electric, can not be very sustainable. There is good news though! There is a way you can be saved from the long winter months without breaking the bank or killing the environment. It’s called geothermal energy.

A Geothermal energy facility in Iceland.
via Wikkimedia Commons

Geothermal energy is thermal energy that is stored inside the earth. This energy is partially from the formation of the earth and partially from radioactive decay inside the earth. This form of energy is important to us because we can actually pull it out of the earth and use it to heat our homes. Here is a simple video that explains how this happens:

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via youtube user newgroundwork

This is helpful to us in today’s world because it is renewable, sustainable and environmentally friendly. It is said to be renewable because there is an unbelievable amount of thermal energy inside the earth which is already cooling slowly. Therefore, the amount that we extract is so small in comparison that is doesn’t have much effect on the earth. It also has very low emissions which is why it is said to be environmentally friendly. This could help the serious problem of global warming.

In addition, Geothermal energy use is also cost efficient. Pumps are used to get the energy; therefore, no fuel is necessary. This helps the cost because you do not need to worry about the rise or fluctuations in the price of fuel.

Upon the review of the evidence shown, it is seen that all hope is not lost. Geothermal energy can be an excellent way to keep you and your family warm this winter.

 

 

Codeine: Should we continue prescribing it?

 

Little boy not enjoying his cough medicine
From Mediconews by Satish

Flu season, it’s that time of the year where everyone around you is coughing, sniffling, or sneezing. Sadly, this time around I am once again one of those victims. For me, it all started out with a cough. And now what’s the one thing that people take when they have a bad cough? That’s right, cough syrup.

I took 1.5 tsps of something labelled as Ratio-Cotridin Expectorant. In the morning it did significantly reduce my cough but the drowsiness remained. Doing some quick research showed that the cough syrup in fact contained something that stuck out to me: codeine.

Codeine’s Molecular Structure
From Wikimedia by NEUROtiker

Codeine is an opiate which is known to act as a cough suppressant and narcotic analgesic. The most common side effect of codeine is drowsiness. However, codeine is also addictive and can cause dependence, which is why its circulation is strictly controlled in certain countries.

A study  published by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health in 2009 showed that the risk of being involved in a traffic accident with personal injury was two times as high in the period after having a codeine prescription dispensed.

Cough syrup aka “purple drank”
From coughsyrup.ecoffeeonline.com

Codeine has also been known to have varying results dependent on unpredictable genetic variations. There have been attempts to restrict age distribution and the amount that is able to be consumed. However, a simple search online shows that cough syrup with codeine is easily available. There are even tutorials that teach you how to make “purple drank” or “sizzurp” online, a recreational drug consisting mainly of codeine and Promethazine.

So should such a drug like codeine be so widely available to the public? It has been shown to contain significant risks and be pretty ineffective as an analgesic  according to an editorial by the Canadian Medical Association Journal. Their solution is to phase out codeine altogether and only use morphine. This may be a good alternative for a painkiller, but what about for a cough suppressant? Recent studies using the placebo effect show that codeine is not such a necessary ingredient in cough syrups anymore. Perhaps doctors should no longer consider prescribing codeine to patients with a bad cough altogether.

–Bonnie Tam

Pest Control – How Far is Too Far?

When asked to think of the most dangerous animals on Earth, we often imagine large creatures like sharks, bears, or lions. However, you may be surprised to discover that the most dangerous creature in the world is actually… a mosquito!

Anopheles stephensi mosquito, a known carrier of Malaria. Rsabbatini via Wikimedia Creative Commons.

Mosquitoes are summertime pests; those annoying and unwelcome guests at a family barbecue, picnic in the park, or day at the beach. While the itchy bumps they cause are irritating, bites are rarely fatal here in North America. However, in tropical and sub-tropical regions, mosquitoes act as transmitters for potentially fatal diseases, such as Malaria and Dengue fever. Causing over one million deaths each year, mosquito transmitted diseases kill more humans than any other animal-related incident.

A child being treated for Malaria. Ashley Jonathan Clements via Flickr Creative Commons.

This has prompted scientists to consider proactive options for fighting these diseases – namely, to prevent people from becoming infected in the first place. As common insect-reducing methods (such as insecticide spraying) often kill other species within the ecosystem too, controlling mosquito populations through genetic modification is becoming more popular. While similar strategies have been used before – the sterile insect technique (SIT) was developed in the 1950’s, whereby genetically-engineered sterile insects are released into the environment – a new technology developed by Oxitec laboratories is at the forefront of the mosquito combat.

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(TEDtalksDirector via YouTube)

Above, Hadyn Parry (CEO of Oxitec) discusses disease transmission by mosquitoes, and how Oxitec proposes to alleviate this issue.

Oxitec is a British biotech company that, under the leadership of Luke Alphey, has produced the RIDL method, by which mosquitoes are genetically modified to carry lethal alleles.

What does this mean?

Essentially, male mosquitoes are engineered in a laboratory and then released. The concept here is simple – the mutations inflicted have no direct impact on the mosquitoes’ fitness (that is, the genetically modified males compete for female mates equally as well as wild-type males), but the mosquitoes will die if not given tetracycline during development. Therefore, when these RIDL males mate, all offspring will receive one dominant lethal allele. Over time, without the presence of tetracycline, all mosquitoes carrying this allele will die, effectively diminishing the mosquito population. Luke Alphey explains these concepts in the video below.

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(WorldEconomicForum via YouTube)

While the RIDL method shows promise for controlling mosquito populations, many parties contend that there are unintended side effects. For example, the removal of mosquito populations threatens to disrupt surrounding ecosystems, as many species, such as bats and spiders, rely on mosquitoes for nourishment. Furthermore, it has been suggested that mosquitoes could develop resistance to the lethal allele, resulting in a stronger subsequent generation and thereby amplifying disease transmission.

However, Oxitec scientists seem confident that the RIDL technique will provide a safe, effective way to manage mosquito populations. If true, we may be about to witness a new era of disease prevention.

– Sydney Schnell

300 million year old plants for sale: $100,000 !!!

Unaysaurus tolentinoi eating a cycad by FunkMonk via Wikimedia commons

Imagine having survived mass extinctions dating back to 300 million years ago and now becoming extinct in 2013. This is the story of cycads, the oldest seed plants. They resemble a combination between a fern and a prehistoric palm. Their ancient characteristics have given significant insights to scientists about the origin of plant species. Unfortunately,today,these plants  have become a valuable prey  to poachers, similar to other endangered animals around the world. Cycads are now on the global conservation agenda as their preservation is key to  the development of plant biology.

Cycads from Flicker by Steve Williams

Cycads have helped determine the age of flowering plants. For example, experimenters hypothesized that  the reproductive structure of the cycads were wind pollinated. Subsequently,  they compared several other cycads and concluded that most species were actually insect pollinated by beetles. Thus insect pollination is much older than the wind pollination of flowering plants. Without the discovery of these seed plants, the maturity of insect pollination would not have been determined.

World distribution of species belonging to Ordo Cycadales by Esculapio

Luckily their decline has now come to the attention of scientists. Philip Rousseau, a botany researcher at the University of Johannesburg, fears that wild cycads could become extinct.  As shown on the map, South Africa is  one of the many regions with a high distribution of cycads but now 31 percent of the species are disappearing. The current poaching rate could make them extinct in the wild by next year.  Poachers have found malicious ways to find the plant by hunting at night and selling them during the day. Each tree can be sold for as much as  $100,000 to various collectors in the black market. Farmers and landowners have called for bans and regulations for cycads before it gets out of control and existence.

Funding boost for DNA barcoding in South Africa
“Scientists and botanists at the University of Johannesburg (UJ) will benefit from a $2.2 million grant to fortify the research…”
Copyright University of Johannesburg

In order to regulate and preserve the cycads, the University of Johannesburg funded a scientific project in which they identified rare species using a DNA barcoding  system. Researchers would take less than 1 gram of the plant’s DNA, crush it, treat it with chemicals and record its barcode. This would allow custom officials to check smugglers with a device reading the plant’s DNA. Lastly, the project would help the University of Guelph complete their International Bar Code of Life Project. Once again, the cycads would help determine the earth’s biodiversity.

The prehistoric age of Cycads is very valuable to science.  However, it  is now a valuable commodity to poachers like ivory or rhino horns. For this reason, a conservation plan is important to protect one of the key species to the history of plants. For sale or for history?

-Diane Mutabaruka

Fire rainbows – not really a rainbow on fire

A fire rainbow, via deviantART user: ~daslasher1 For more pictures from ~daslasher1, click here.

I’m sure we all have seen rainbows after the rain and rosy-hued clouds during the sunset. The rainbows and the sunsets can make beautiful sceneries, but if the two phenomena could happen at once, wouldn’t it be twice as beautiful?

A 22° halo, via wikimedia commons user: Andrzej Barabasz

Indeed, such phenomenon does occur. It is better known to the public as the “fire rainbow,” than its actual name, the “circumhorizontal (or circumhorizon) arc.” Although it is called a fire rainbow, it is neither a rainbow nor is related to fire. It is really a halo that is made by ice crystals in the cloud refracting the sunlight. The circumhorizontal arcs are unlike common halos (22° halos). Whereas 22° halos are seen fairly close to the sun, circumhorizontal arcs form much further, closer and parallel to the horizon. In addition, to observe, the circumhorizontal arc requires specific angles of the sun and a specific kind of cloud.

cirrus cloud, via wikimedia commons user: Saperaud

Firstly, there need to be cirrus clouds.  Cirrus clouds form more than 6000m high, and contain ice crystals in which sunlight is refracted. The arc is brighter if the cloud is thicker, since more crystals will refract more sunlight. Secondly, the sun must be higher than 58°. Such height of the sun is possible only between latitudes 55°N and 55°S. It is impossible to see the circumhorizon arc outside of these latitudes, because the sun will never rise high enough. Fortunately, the latitude of Vancouver is 49°N. This link (click here) shows a graph of months in a year when circumhorizontal arcs can be formed. In Seattle, the arcs may be observed from mid-April through mid-August. Since Vancouver is just north of Seattle, there won’t be much difference.

So, during the summer when the sun is at its highest and if there are some cirrus clouds in the sky, be sure to look around! You may be able to witness a beautiful fire rainbow as these seen in New BrunswickSeattle (and another), and Toronto.