Category Archives: Science Communication

Could Climate Change Be Killing Fish?

Environmental issues are rising more than ever, it seems. From development of pipelines to salmon farming, we have to make sure that the environment is not getting pushed to the backburner.

The climate is warming, this is a fact. What we don’t know for a fact is how this warming of the climate is going to affect the earth and the organisms on it. For example, one thing people probably don’t think about is fish and how climate change could be affecting them. The climate is warming and therefore the ocean temperatures are rising. This could potentially decrease fish populations which also cause problems for fisheries around the world.

One way that fisheries can deal with this is by implementing harvest control rules, and by using flexible-date rather than fixed-date seasonal openings. Harvest control rules are a network of guidelines that protect certain species to some degree, based on their relative abundance during certain years or seasons. When these rules are adjusted to changing climates, fisheries can be more effective in protecting fish species. Flexible-date openings mean that fisheries adjust what time of the year they open and close, also based on changing climates. Therefore they can be more proactive in allowing fishing during the right water temperatures; for example, they can time fishing around spawning seasons more accurately.

In terms of fishery management B.C is doing well, but there is still room for improvement.  Michael C. Melnychuk, a visiting scientist at UBC who is a researcher in fisheries science at the University of Washington, talks to a group of UBC students about the current state of fisheries worldwide and what they can do to be improving. His research involves collecting data on fisheries around the world and comparing their management systems, and how effective they are in terms of working with climate change and unpredictabilities associated with fish stocks.

Here is what happened when a UBC student went to investigate:

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video credit to Diane Mutabaruka, Shaun Ong, Chloe Bocker, Alysha Morden

Everyone is affected by the fishing industry, directly or not. Sam, a fisherman at Steveston in Richmond, was interviewed on popular radio show “Life at Work” from the Science 300 studio. He acknowledges that fishermen are, understandably, motivated by personal interest, which is why extra precautions need to be taken by the government and fisheries alike in monitoring and protecting fish populations. After all, Sam’s just trying to make a living. Here is what Sam said:

Life at Work

So, UBC students want to save the fish population so they can continue to eat their sushi and Sam the fisherman just wants to be able to fish where he wants when he wants. Unlike Sam, we want to save the fish! Climate change is happening and we are not entirely sure how to control it. Management strategies however are something we can control. This is why we believe that management strategies are the way to go in helping to save the fish populations.

-B.C. Environmental Activists

Does Anxiety Lead To Better Grades?

In the faculty of science, the midterm season is never-ending. We are literally under constant stress. Don’t you often wish you were on vacation on a tropical island instead of studying in the library pulling your hair out trying to understand a concept? Well it might be interesting to find out that anxiety and stress may lead to better exam grades.

Exam Stress from sheknowsparenting [http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/808427/standardized-test-anxiety]

A study published by the British Journal of Psychology in 2012, observed ninety-six 12 and 14 year old students and their anxiety levels. It showed via computer tests that if a subject has good memory, anxiety may lead to better marks. But at the same time, the reverse is true.

Don’t Forget! by Courtney Icenhour [http://psychology.about.com/od/memory/ss/ten-facts-about-memory_3.htm]

However, another study performed by Dénes Szûcs shows that gender plays a huge part in anxiety level. Girls generally experience higher levels of anxiety compared to boys but they still seem to perform equally well on mathematical exams. This means that if it were possible for girls and boys to experience the same stress levels, theoretically girls would perform better since they can cope under stressful situations.

Girls vs. Boys from Image Source/Getty Images [http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/assets/2008/07/24/200872411.jpg]

For those of you who are speculating whether or not anxiety really affects your performance, a test performed at the World Journalism Prep in New York shows that anxiety reduction can increase your exam score.

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So next time before you take an exam, consider your stress levels and see what works best for you. Maybe you are a person who cracks under pressure, or maybe you work best under maximum stress. Know your strong suits and play along with them.

–Bonnie Tam

The OTHER Foreign Accent Syndrome : I do not understand nor believe you !

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As shown in the video above, humans love to imitate accents from around the world. Studies from the University of Manchester  believe that  if you talked to someone in their accent, you would understand  them better. Our brain is  an accent discriminator and tends to doubt foreign accents.The moment we hear an accent we diagnose the person as foreign and unfamiliar.

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An accent is defined as a  distinctive way of pronunciation, inflections, tones and emphasis patterns. In 2010, University of Chicago psychologists Shiri Lev-Ari and Boaz Keysar studied how the brain processes non-native accents in a report entitled ” Why don’t we believe non-native speakers?:The influence of accent on credibility”. This would prove that our brain doubts foreign accents therefore the credibility of one’s words is lost behind one’s accent. People were asked to judge the truthfulness of trivia statements received from either native and non native English speakers. Lev-Ari and Keysar hypothesized that if the subject found the statement less believable when the messenger had an accent then credibility  was associated to the ease of processing the speech known as cognitive fluency.

Experiment 2 : Truth ratings as a function of accent by Lev Ari and Keysar

In the second part of the experiment, Lev-Ari and Keysar tested if the doubt would be observed if subjects were aware that they were doubting foreign
accents. Therefore, this time, the psychologists informed the participants about  the purpose of their study on cognitive fluency and credibility. Nonetheless, the same conclusions were observed in which statements were less believed when the messenger had a heavy accent. The psychologists suggested that instead of perceiving their speech as harder to understand, it was thought as less truthful.

Listen, Understand, Act via Flicker by highersights

This research was then compared to  the University of Michigan ‘s study on the impact of a decreased font size when asking subjects :  “How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the Ark?” [Answer: None – Moses wasn’t on the Ark, Noah was].  Font size like accents decreases cognitive fluency.Researchers now go on to say that one should practice analyzing small fonts more carefully and do likewise with non-native accents.

See How Nigerians pronounce…

However, Pavel Trofimovich, applied linguist at Concordia University, believes that one should listen beyond the accent and judge credibility with grammar and vocabulary, hence, comprehensibility. Similarly, his British colleague, Talia Isaacs highlights the importance of identifying aspects of speech that don’t actually affects listener’s understanding  but enhance stereotypes. Upon researching about accents, it is easy to come across these stereotypes with imitations.

Ultimately , we should be aware of both accents and comprehensibility.Imitation  may help to adapt to one’s  accent. However, there is a risk of falling into offensive stereotypes . Similarly, one must be aware and parse the brain’s discrimination towards unfamiliar and foreign accents.   Therefore, refocus on judging the messenger’s credibility with both their actions and words not just their accents.

– Diane Mutabaruka

A Gene for Skinny Jeans!

The person sitting beside you in your morning lecture is slurping down an extra-large iced cap, with whipping cream AND chocolate drizzle. Those french fries in the cafeteria at lunchtime are looking deliciously tempting, and when you get home from your long day your roommate has a fresh batch of chocolate chip cookies sitting on the counter.

Chocolate Chip Cookies! Christie @ Love From the Oven via Flickr Creative Commons.

Oh the temptations, but with “beach season” soon approaching, it makes for a hard choice between those deliciously fattening foods and a trim waistline. What if I told you that soon, you may be able to indulge in all of your favorite foods, never hit the gym, and still turn heads in your swimsuit this summer?!

Miguel Angel via Flickr Creative Commons.

Genetics researchers at the University of Colorado’s School of Medicine, led by Professor James McManaman, have recently discovered a gene that appears to be directly related to obesity. This gene, called Perilipin 2 (Plin2), produces a protein that plays a key role in regulating fat storage and metabolism. When mice lacking this gene were fed an obesity-inducing diet, they were observed to be resistant to becoming obese!

In fact, not only did these mice stay lean, they appeared to be much healthier than the mice with a functional Plin2 gene. Compared to normal mice, their fat cells were 20% smaller, they showed an absence of fatty-liver disease, they had lower triglyceride levels, and they were more insulin-sensitive. When both normal mice and mice lacking the Plin2 gene were placed on an obesity-inducing diet, the Plin2-lacking mice showed surprising restraint when eating their food (normal mice will eat until all food is gone!), and were also more active.

Obese mouse and normal mouse. Bigplankton via Wikimedia Commons.

What does this mean for us?

Obesity is quickly becoming a dominant health concern throughout North America (see famous chef Jamie Oliver discussing the obesity trend here), indirectly causing a long list of medical complications such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

Obesity, an increasing trend in North America. Malingering via Flickr Creative Commons.

The interesting thing is, humans also have a Plin2 gene. If researchers can find a way to target the Plin2 gene, these findings may result in an effective treatment for obesity. This would lead to a slimmer, healthier nation, and reduce the financial strain  that obesity-related complications place on our health care systems!

However, don’t book your reservation at the neighbourhood all-you-can-eat buffet just yet. Before any human applications can be made, we must better understand what other roles the Plin2 gene may play, and how removal of this gene will influence health and behavior on a long-term scale.

– Sydney Schnell

Fact or Fiction?

Now, I’m sure many of us have fallen for some very untrue facts in science.
Here I’ve collected just a few commonly believed myths, and their real explanations!

Myth #1 
People explode in space
Here, we are assuming being unprotected in space, such as a leak in a space suit or some other hazardous accident.

Astronaut
From DeviantArt, User ~Master-Fri

So to clarify,

No, no people do not explode in space and their blood does not boil (unlike what we’ve seen in various SciFi movies). The containing properties of your skin and circulatory system prevent this. 

There would be some swelling of course, loss of oxygen leading to unconsciousness  There would also be skin burns due to being unprotected closer to the sun.

An incident which occurred at NASAs Manned Spacecraft Center (now renamed Johnson Space Center) in 1965 gives us a better idea of what would happen if one was exposed in a pure vacuum, much like space. A test subject was in a  near-vacuum condition, when his space suit started to leak. After about 14 seconds, he fainted. After the chamber was re pressurized  he regained consciousness.  Now obviously we can not be sure exactly what happens, as I’m sure no one would offer to be the test subject, but based off of what we currently understand about space and pressure, we are quite sure that we do not explode. Or boil. Sorry SciFi fans.

Myth #2
Five Second Rule!

Hand Sanitizer
From Wikimedia, User Sean Narvasa

Okay, even I have admitted to doing this. Dropping a piece of food on the ground, picking it up and yelling five second rule, as a way for me to justify eating whatever it is I had dropped without having to worry about germs. This is terribly wrong.

As soon as a piece of food hits the floor, it will stick to whatever germs happen to be there. Now, this doesn’t mean you can’t eat the food, it just means that you may possibly be ingesting a harmful bacteria. And get sick. Up to you.

Myth #3
Brain Cells Can’t Regenerate

Brain
From Flickr.com, User digitalbob8

This was thought to be true for a very long time, until a discovery in 1998, by Sweden and at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California. The learning and memory center of the brain can regenerate new cells!

Now you can’t be fooled into thinking brain cells can’t regenerate,  but that does not stop you from lightly bopping a friend on the head and saying “Uh oh, you’ve just lost brain cells!”. Not that anyone did that to me as a kid, causing me to worry that I would grow up not knowing anything because I lost all my brain cells… *cough*

And that’s it folks! Want to know some more neat myths? The video down below mentions some of the most common scientific myths

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Video found on Youtube from user alltimetens

-Christina

A baby defeats HIV

Just yesterday, scientists announced that a baby who was born infected with HIV was cured of the disease. The doctors diagnosed the mother to be HIV-positive at the time of labor; the baby was at a high-risk of exposure to HIV, and later confirmed to be infected. After 30 hours of birth, the doctors treated the baby with highly active antiretroviral therapy or HAART, a combination of 3 antiretroviral drugs in order to prevent HIV from making home in the baby’s immune cells. The baby was given treatment for 18 months, and half a year later from quitting treatment, its blood showed no sign of infection.

This is the second case of curing the infected of HIV. The first person to defeat HIV is Timothy Brown who received bone marrow transplant from a donor with HIV-resistant genetic mutation, which is found in 1% of European population.

HIV via flickr user: Microbe World

HIV via flickr user: Microbe World

This “breakthrough” may bring hope to children born with HIV, whose number count to 300,000 worldwide in 2011, and comprise about 1% of HIV patients. However, mother-to-baby HIV transmission is 99% preventable if the mother is treated during her pregnancy. Given that most babies with HIV are born in developing countries where only 50% of pregnant women have access to the medicines, it is crucial to urge wealthy countries to increase their support to organizations such as UNAIDS that work for the elimination of mother-to-baby HIV transmission.

HAART is not a cure for HIV patients at later stage of infection as it can only suppress the virus from replicating rather than killing the viruses themselves. Nevertheless, the news of world’s second case of curing HIV gives hope that the virus may be conquered if actions are taken quickly.

Life as a Fish

Look at the poor little fish flopping around! They must be in pain right? Actually no,  they might not be!

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via youtube user nclspttr

Are you one of those people that feel sad for those little fish when you see them squirming in pain? If yes, then you will be happy to know that these fish may not actually be in pain at all. Research has been done that says that fish are  physically incapable of feeling pain.

On the other hand, there has been some research done that claims fish do feel pain; however, the science in this research is not always accurate. Most of this research fails to differentiate between nociception and actual pain. Nociception is basically a pain-free response to remove an unpleasant sensation. This response comes from the nociceptors. Researchers see this response and assume that it is pain when really it isn’t.

There has also been research done that says fish do not feel pain; and here is the main reason why. Fish have quite a few A-delta fibers which are responsible for the first reaction one has to avoid pain. For example, pulling your hand away from a hot object before you get burnt. They have a very small amount of C-type fibers which provide intense and lasting pain.

A photo of nerve fibers via flickr user akay

So next time you feel bad for that little fishy flopping around, maybe you should think again. That fish may be one of the luckiest organisms out there. Imagine a life where you don’t need to feel pain. Could be pretty great right? I beat you are wishing you were a fish right now. Just like this happy guy!

File:Cometap.jpg

A happy fish via wiki media user bramfab