The ABC’s of Transport Proteins and Plants

How much do plants interest you?

For Dr. Mathias Schuetz, plants have been an interest of his ever since he can remember. This may have stemmed from the fact that he grew up in the countryside, surrounded by them!

– Above is a picture of Dr. M. Schuetz,
– via ellislab.

Dr. Schuetz took plant science as a minor and worked in a reforestation agency during his undergraduate years. One day, a faculty member from Simon Fraser University, who was a plant biologist, came to him and asked:

“Hey, why don’t you work in my lab?”

From this brief exchange of words, he is currently a plant molecular biologist at University of British Columbia.

In his recent research, due to the lack of previous research, he focuses on finding the genes of proteins that are involved in transporting lignin, a chemical compount that acts as a “glue” in plants. He used the model organism, Arabidopsis thaliana, for his research.

– Above is a picture of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, used in this study.
– via Wikimedia

To study the biological process of lignification, Dr. Schuetz ordered Arabidopsis seeds that contain a change in the genes that he was going to study and grew them. Five genes in Arabidopsis were selected to be further studied because plants that had the change in the genes were falling over or could not transport water.

The following video clip showcases important biological processes in plants that the research investigated, such as ligninfication and auxin transport:

YouTube Preview Image

Even though three of the genes were actually auxin transport proteins, this study gave us insight into the physiology of plants, which can lead to a better understanding of cancer. Therefore, we need to put more effort into studying these transport proteins since this branch of proteins (ABC transport proteins) were first identified and characterized in tumor cells, which has resistance to chemotherapy drugs.

Check out our audio about how plants are important and how this study would also improve the pulp and biofuel industry:

Audio clip: Adobe Flash Player (version 9 or above) is required to play this audio clip. Download the latest version here. You also need to have JavaScript enabled in your browser.

(Here is a file for the credits of the podcast:Podcast citation group)

Could Climate Change Be Killing Fish?

Environmental issues are rising more than ever, it seems. From development of pipelines to salmon farming, we have to make sure that the environment is not getting pushed to the backburner.

The climate is warming, this is a fact. What we don’t know for a fact is how this warming of the climate is going to affect the earth and the organisms on it. For example, one thing people probably don’t think about is fish and how climate change could be affecting them. The climate is warming and therefore the ocean temperatures are rising. This could potentially decrease fish populations which also cause problems for fisheries around the world.

One way that fisheries can deal with this is by implementing harvest control rules, and by using flexible-date rather than fixed-date seasonal openings. Harvest control rules are a network of guidelines that protect certain species to some degree, based on their relative abundance during certain years or seasons. When these rules are adjusted to changing climates, fisheries can be more effective in protecting fish species. Flexible-date openings mean that fisheries adjust what time of the year they open and close, also based on changing climates. Therefore they can be more proactive in allowing fishing during the right water temperatures; for example, they can time fishing around spawning seasons more accurately.

In terms of fishery management B.C is doing well, but there is still room for improvement.  Michael C. Melnychuk, a visiting scientist at UBC who is a researcher in fisheries science at the University of Washington, talks to a group of UBC students about the current state of fisheries worldwide and what they can do to be improving. His research involves collecting data on fisheries around the world and comparing their management systems, and how effective they are in terms of working with climate change and unpredictabilities associated with fish stocks.

Here is what happened when a UBC student went to investigate:

YouTube Preview Image

video credit to Diane Mutabaruka, Shaun Ong, Chloe Bocker, Alysha Morden

Everyone is affected by the fishing industry, directly or not. Sam, a fisherman at Steveston in Richmond, was interviewed on popular radio show “Life at Work” from the Science 300 studio. He acknowledges that fishermen are, understandably, motivated by personal interest, which is why extra precautions need to be taken by the government and fisheries alike in monitoring and protecting fish populations. After all, Sam’s just trying to make a living. Here is what Sam said:

Life at Work

So, UBC students want to save the fish population so they can continue to eat their sushi and Sam the fisherman just wants to be able to fish where he wants when he wants. Unlike Sam, we want to save the fish! Climate change is happening and we are not entirely sure how to control it. Management strategies however are something we can control. This is why we believe that management strategies are the way to go in helping to save the fish populations.

-B.C. Environmental Activists

Can the North Atlantic right whales be saved?

What is 15 meters long, has no teeth, and weighs as much as ten elephants? If you guessed the North Atlantic right whale, you are correct!

North Atlantic right whale model taken from Wikimedia Creative Commons by Ryan Somma

These magnificent whales can be found swimming the waters between Newfoundland and Georgia. However, due to extensive hunting in past decades, the North Atlantic right whale is one of the most endangered whale species in the world, and their populations are struggling to recover.

Listen below for a peek into the whaling industry, before whale protection in 1935.

Audio clip: Adobe Flash Player (version 9 or above) is required to play this audio clip. Download the latest version here. You also need to have JavaScript enabled in your browser.

Researchers at the University of British Columbia have recently developed a new way to model the growth of this species. This model is fundamental to understanding the nutritional needs of the North Atlantic right whale, and also enables veterinarians to apply more effective dosages of tranquilizers or antibiotics to injured and entangled whales.

Fishing gear taken from Wikimedia Creative Commons by Dedda71

Particularly, the findings of this research demonstrate that North Atlantic right whales have unique growth patterns, unlike any other whale species! As researcher Sarah Fortune explained, calves grew the fastest during their first year of life, gaining as much as 18 kg per day. This would be similar to a baby growing to 4 feet by the age of one, an incredibly fast growth rate!

How are young whales able to acquire enough food to sustain this growth? This responsibility falls on the mothers, and lactating females require massive amounts of energy to support their growing offspring. Researchers believe that the malnutrition of these females may have negative impacts on their ability to reproduce, and could be what is preventing population recovery. By understanding their unique growth patterns, Sarah and her team are hopeful that experts can better understand which areas should be protected, to ensure mothers attain sufficient nutrients to support their offspring.

YouTube Preview Image

Above, Sarah Fortune gives insight into the methods, findings, and significance of her research.

Aside from nutritional stress, these whales are also suffering from ship strikes and fishing gear entanglement. Fortunately, there has been increasing awareness for their safety. For example, boats have been reducing their speeds so that collisions are not fatal for whales, and fishing lines have been re-designed to lie along the seafloor, reducing the chance of entanglement.

However, you may be wondering – what exactly can I do to help? Sarah stresses that everybody can play an active role in the recovery of these whales. As she explains, “The best thing we can do is to purchase seafood that has been collected by whale safe fishing gear.” By supporting responsible fishing initiatives in our consumer choices, the general public can help protect the future of these breathtaking animals. So, next time you are purchasing your seafood, look for the green “whale-safe” bands – the whales will thank you!

– Candy Fu, Tabish Khan, and Sydney Schnell

Trust Your Instincts? Not So Much

Think you know your own mind inside out? Think again. A recent study done by an international collection of scientists has revealed that evolutionary survival techniques are partly responsible for the decisions that gamblers make when placing bets. The scientists, from McMaster University, the University of Lethbridge, and Liverpool John Moores University, looked at how gamblers made decisions during a series of random events. In accordance with our ancestors’ behaviours pertaining to survival, it was found that the gamblers relied on their past experiences to predict what could happen next.

Courtesy of Antoinetav via Flickr Creative Commons

The researchers conducted two experiments. In the first test, subjects observed two targets being illuminated in random sequence. The researchers then gave them money to bet on which target would become illuminated first. The subjects maintained steady bets regardless of whether they won or lost. But, for each “win”, subjects were more likely to move their bets to the other target for their next wager.

In the second experiment, the same procedure was followed as the first experiment, except that the subjects placed their bets based on a partner’s result. Once again, if the partner correctly guessed a target, the subject was more likely to move on to the next target on their next turn.

These results demonstrate a phenomenon called the Gambler’s Fallacy. Even though there were exactly equal odds between targets for each new trial, a string or pattern of “left targets” illuminating first gives people a strong feeling that a “right target” is long overdue, and is more likely to occur. Many of us have probably fallen victim to the fallacy ourselves; three coin tosses landing on heads, and we are sure that the fourth will be tails! Yet it’s always 50/50.

A coin flip begins the 113th Annual Army-Navy Game. Courtesy of the U.S Army via Wikimedia Creative Commons

This is nothing new. But, the researchers found a relation between the tendency to bet along with the Gambler’s Fallacy, and personal scores of IOR: attentional processes associated with inhibition of return. Simply put, the participants who fell subject to the Gambler’s Fallacy more often were also more quick to respond to the targets in general. This means that evolutionary human traits could be at work when people aren’t even aware of their own betting patterns. Humans have literally evolved to adjust their behavior based on what they experience in the context of their location. But, these automatic processes are still used in artificial environments in which the brain is “tricked” into reacting a certain way, even if the circumstances don’t call for it.

So, before you act, think! You can’t always trust your instincts.

-Chloe Bocker

Does Anxiety Lead To Better Grades?

In the faculty of science, the midterm season is never-ending. We are literally under constant stress. Don’t you often wish you were on vacation on a tropical island instead of studying in the library pulling your hair out trying to understand a concept? Well it might be interesting to find out that anxiety and stress may lead to better exam grades.

Exam Stress from sheknowsparenting [http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/808427/standardized-test-anxiety]

A study published by the British Journal of Psychology in 2012, observed ninety-six 12 and 14 year old students and their anxiety levels. It showed via computer tests that if a subject has good memory, anxiety may lead to better marks. But at the same time, the reverse is true.

Don’t Forget! by Courtney Icenhour [http://psychology.about.com/od/memory/ss/ten-facts-about-memory_3.htm]

However, another study performed by Dénes Szûcs shows that gender plays a huge part in anxiety level. Girls generally experience higher levels of anxiety compared to boys but they still seem to perform equally well on mathematical exams. This means that if it were possible for girls and boys to experience the same stress levels, theoretically girls would perform better since they can cope under stressful situations.

Girls vs. Boys from Image Source/Getty Images [http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/assets/2008/07/24/200872411.jpg]

For those of you who are speculating whether or not anxiety really affects your performance, a test performed at the World Journalism Prep in New York shows that anxiety reduction can increase your exam score.

YouTube Preview Image

So next time before you take an exam, consider your stress levels and see what works best for you. Maybe you are a person who cracks under pressure, or maybe you work best under maximum stress. Know your strong suits and play along with them.

–Bonnie Tam

Printing–a new way to save a life.

A depiction of some of the many organs of the body from Achim Raschka via Wikimedia Commons.

The need for organs for people suffering from disease is ever-growing, and high.

This need has resulted in large scale ethical debates, some doctors opting for more radical ways to harvest organs. At the same time, patients are dying because they were not given a transplant promptly. The current situation in North America is dismal at best.

However, hope does exist! A recent innovation reported by a group of researchers at Heriot-Watt University could solve the problem. How you might wonder? By what scientists are calling “organ printing“.

Organ printing is a technology combining the concept of 3-dimensional printing and stem cells. A 3-dimensional printer is a machine that is able to make 3D objects when given some sort of electronic plan for the object to be printed. Traditionally, 3D printers have used metals or plastics as the ink for making objects. But instead of metal or plastic, an organ printer uses embryonic stem cells as ink; cells that are able to divide and change their identity into any other cells such as heart, lung, kidney or even brain cells, and carry out their function.

A printer that uses cells as ink could make organs! Pictures adapted from Seahen, Jomegat and Osnimf (left to right) via Wikimedia Commons.

You might wonder why this would be considered a huge breakthrough. The discovery of stem cells heralded a large amount of attention. We initially believed that we would be able to grow organs easily; however, over time, we learned that stem cells are more complex than we realized. Stem cell growth is difficult to control. Even though we can currently make a stem cell change its identity into a cell we want it to be, we cannot effectively mesh groups of cells into highly organized layers, like how complex organs such as the heart and kidneys are laid out. Experiments reported as late as three years ago could only make balls of different cell types from stem cells using chemicals. 3D printing using stem cells allows us to organize cells and distribute them the way we want them to be, and so, we could make complex structures with different layers in a consistent way in the near future.

Below, Dr. Anthony Atala talks about organ printing techniques he is researching in his lab.

YouTube Preview Image

By CNN via Youtube.

But how near is the near future? I remain skeptical. Stem cells are complex things, and we have much to learn about them. Just because we place them in the right positions in the right type does not mean that all problems will be solved. Additionally, we have yet to research where to place cells so that they function the right way in an organ. I would think that this technology would take at least 10 years to be relevant to our everyday lives. Only time will tell.

-Shaun