Author Archives: candace chang

The Glass is Half Full: How a Positive Outlook can Increase Longevity

The way different people perceive their age can vary greatly from one person to another. Some can feel older than their years while others may feel younger at heart. If someone were to ask you “How old are you?” and “How old do you feel?” how would those two numbers compare?

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The Marks We Make Fade Away by Tony Hall on Flickr. Licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.

In a study conducted by the University College London, they used data collected from a group of 6,489 people and compared their chronological age, averaging at 65.8 years, to their self-perceived age, averaging at 56.8 years. It was observed that around 70% of those individuals had self-perceived themselves to be younger by three years or more, 26% had thought their perceived and actual age were roughly the same and about 5% had felt more than a year older than their real age. About eight years later, a follow up was conducted on the same group of people and discovered that in the group of individuals who felt younger 14.3 % had passed away. However, the observed mortality rate was much higher for the groups that felt the same age and those that felt older at 18.5% and 24.6% respectively.

Researchers believe that there could be various factors contributing to the lower mortality rate observed in the group of individuals who felt younger than their age. For example, these individuals may have maintained a healthier diet and weight or had a higher sense of control and competency in life. Although further investigation is needed to confirm theses associations, researchers believe that the younger self-perceived age could also have influenced the lower death rate observed. In fact, new research shows that two key personality characteristic, optimism and conscientiousness, seem to be linked to people living longer lives. This is because these individuals are more aware and willing to lead healthier lifestyles to maintain their health into older age. This is an interesting finding as people may now have the ability to have a slight influence on their longevity.

One of the many great examples of an individual who possesses these two personality traits and leads a long and active life is Fauja Singh. Currently, he is 103 years old and is believed to be the world’s oldest marathon runner and world record holder in his age bracket. Fauja Singh loves to run and says that “Laughter and happiness is what life should be about, that’s your remedy for everything.”

BBC News interviewing Fauja Singh.  YouTube video courtesy of nsotd4.

– Candace Chang

Bilingual Chimpanzees

Humans have developed the amazing capability to learn new languages, dialects, accents and become multilingual. However, have you ever heard of animals learning new languages? In a recent study, led by Dr. Katie Slocombe from the University of York, nine chimpanzees from the Beekse Bergen Safari Park, in the Netherlands, had been relocated to Scotland’s Edinburgh Zoo. Interestingly, each group of chimpanzees had their own distinctive grunts to represent different types of foods. The Dutch chimpanzees loved apples and had originally called for apples using a high-pitched yell. Whereas the Scottish chimpanzees were less enthusiastic about apples compared to the Dutch chimps and had used a lower-pitched grunt.

After a year into the study, the two groups of chimpanzees were still observed to have two distinct calls for apples. Moreover, the social interactions between the groups were very minimal. However, after three years of integration, the Dutch chimpanzees had learned and adopted the lower-pitched grunts the Scottish chimps had used to call for apples. As well, it was noted that the social interactions between the Dutch and Scottish chimps had increased dramatically. Although, the Dutch chimps had adopted the new call, their preference for apples had remained unchanged.

 

Dutch chimpanzees adopt Scottish grunt for apples.  YouTube video courtesy of New Scientist.  

This is an interesting study as it was initially thought that one unique characteristic of the human language is the ability to represent the same events and objects using different words across different cultural languages. However, from this study it indicates that that characteristic may have evolved from one of our earlier ancestors, the primates. In addition, although the study did not discuss in detail the initial transition of the two groups during integration, I found it quite astonishing that the two groups did not kill one another as chimpanzees are known to be quite aggressive and territorial animals. Therefore from this study, we see a much softer and gentler side of the interaction between two different clans of chimpanzees which is quite surprising.

Although it is quite difficult to determine the exact reason for the observed change, Dr. Slocombe thinks it could be due to the goal of communicating better with one another or for social reasons. She believes that it is similar to humans as humans who speak the same language or have the same accent tend to get along better with one another. Nonetheless, this study still portrays a great example of animals learning new languages.

– Candace Chang

Thymus: A Lab-Grown Organ

They are in the air we breathe and on the objects we touch. Germs, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, are all around us. The thymus, an important structure of the immune system, is responsible for the production and storage of a vital cell called the T cell. T cells help to recognize and defend the body from various infections and foreign invaders. In a recent study, led by Professor Clare Blackburn from the Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, scientists were able to construct a fully functioning thymus in the lab.

 
This was done by collecting fibroblast cells, which play a role in making collagen and the extracellular matrix for tissues, from the mice embryos. The collected cells were then genetically altering to express a particular gene not normally present in the fibroblast cells.  As a result, these modified fibroblast cells began to function like regular thymus cells. The study had shown that when scientists transplanted the altered cells back into the mice, the cells had organized themselves into a functioning thymus organ

Youtube Video Courtesy of: Medical Research Council

Thymus Image Courtesy of: Google Images

Thymus Image Courtesy of: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

This important study will have a major impact on the healthcare field as this opens a potential opportunity for lab grown thymus’ to be transplanted into human patients who suffer from immunodeficiency.  For example, bone marrow transplants patients are more easily at risk of infections due to a decrease in the number of granulocytes, which are a type of white blood cell, and elderly patients as the thymus naturally deteriorates with age.  In addition, patients who are born without a thymus, also known as DiGeorge Syndrome, who suffer from many complications such as low levels of calcium, heart defects and a poor functioning immune system will also benefit from this finding.  Therefore, a lab grown thymus is such a new and exciting finding as it could be the key to protecting these patients from various health concerns and even death.

Although it would be nice to begin using this process  immediately, Blackburn stated that this study had, so far, only been conducted on mice and there are plenty more steps that need to be taken, such as applying this technique to human cells and testing their functions in models, before we can apply this technique on human patients.

Nonetheless, this is an exciting finding as we can hopefully apply this technique in the future to human patients who suffer from weaken immune systems. Not only will this study help patients who suffer from immunodeficiency but this can also reduce the challenges that come with finding a correct match between an organ donor and organ recipient!

– Candace Chang