Author Archives: Les2506

WHY IS IT HARD TO STOP SMOKING IN ONE SHOT?

Even though it is widely known that smoking causes serious health problems, people still do it. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reminds us that some of the consequences of smoking are cardiovascular diseases, respiratory problems, cancer development, and even death. Nevertheless, some people are still smoking because of good feeling nicotine leaves in the body. On the contrary, some others are trying to quit smoking. Trying. But why is it hard to do it in just one shot? Here is a video from ehowhealth YouTube channel which explains what nicotine does in the body.

Recent research at the University of Copenhagen has demonstrated that the post-smoking symptoms are what make quitting smoking really difficult. In a press-release from ScienceDaily, Professor Albert Gjedde, neuroscience researcher at the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen explains “Regular smokers experience an almost dementia-like condition in the early hours after quitting, as suggested by brain scans.”

Risk from Smoking        Source: Wikipedia

According to brain scans on smokers performed by Gjedde’s research team, after having stopped smoking, the blood flow and oxygen uptake in the brain decrease by almost 20%. This is considered a stressful situation for the body, which in turn starts producing an anxiety-like reaction, which is “probably one of the reasons why it can be very difficult to quit smoking once and for all. Smokers drift back into abuse, perhaps not to obtain a pleasant effect […] but simply because the withdrawal symptoms are unbearable.” MedlinePlus  provides a comparison of the way one feels while smoking and one does after. From such list, it is evident why people have a hard time when throwing cigarettes away.

Cigarette Smoking           Source: Johanna Keppler – Flickr

 

So what could be the best method to quit smoking? Scientists have recommended that a gradual withdrawal from smoking could be less traumatic than trying to quit in a single attempt. The explanation is that the effect of the post-smoking symptom will not hit not be as overwhelming, since they will not ‘hit’ the person at once. That way quitting smoking will be more manageable.

Veganism–Health Benefits and some Misconceptions

Being vegan is not quite an easy thing to do, but I do enjoy it. When people ask me “why did you become vegan?” I say it is mainly due to its health benefits. Veganism has been going on for such a long time that there has been a lot of research on it. Some people think that following a vegan diet leads to a poor state of the body; however, it has been proved that veganism is the opposite.

First, let’s review what vegan means. As the Vegetarian Resource Group defined “vegetarians do not eat meat, fish, or poultry. Vegans, in addition to being vegetarian, do not use other animal products and by-products […].”

The Vegan Pyramid              Source: Google Images

I would like to start with how a vegan diet improves our health in several different ways. The Nursing School catalog has listed some diseases that vegan diets may help reducing. Among those, there are cardiovascular diseases and different types of cancer, lower cholesterol levels, reduced blood pressure, lower Body Mass Index, and weight loss (if a balanced diet is followed).

Furthermore, following a vegan diet also improves the levels of some vitamins and essential elements to our body. Examples of such are Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Magnesium, Potassium, fiber, and antioxidants. In addition, vegan diets contain less saturated fats.

Berries, a source of Antioxidants      Source: Google Images

Now I would like to switch gears and present you some of the misconceptions about vegan diets. The question that most people ask is “where do you get your protein?” The fact is that there are several protein sources in a variety of forms. Vegan Coach provides a list of the items that contain lots of protein, in which beans, lentils, leafy dark greens, nuts (peanut butter!), and tofu (and tempeh) are the richest ones.

Another myth that VegKitchen remarks is that vegans are considered to take a significant number of supplements. In order to get all the essential nutrients our body needs, one has to eat a balanced healthy diet; this includes whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, and nuts.

Nevertheless, there is some truth that B-12 deficiency is common among vegans. The way to treat this is by indeed taking supplements as Sharon Palmer claims in her paper since B-12 is a vitamin found in animal products. However, I got a blood test done and my B-12 levels were above the average.

Last but not least some people think that us, vegans, are limited to eating salads are fruits. Personally, I would totally disagree with that. I have read a couple of books (Veganomicon is my favorite one) that give lots of recipes with foods I would have never thought about.

Vegan Power Source: Google Images

In conclusion, vegan diets are a healthy diet even if it does not involve consuming meat, dairy or fish. The American Diet Association (ADA) confirms “appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.”

For your enjoyment here is a YouTube video from Vegan.com that shows how to make Chia Pudding Parfait (Vegan). 😉

YouTube Preview Image

Part of our Brain comes from a Virus!

We all have heard at some point the word “virus” and associated it with words like death, illness, non-living, etc. But let me tell you that in reality, this is not always the case. Have you ever considered that viruses can help us discover new cures for brain diseases?

Just recently, Johan Jakobsson, head of research team at the division for Molecular Neurogenetics at Lund University (Sweden), and his team have concluded an investigation that has been published in Cell Reports. It explains that we have acquired virus DNA through the course of evolution as a consequence of viruses’ replication cycle.

Viruses are classified into families by the Baltimore classification, in which one of the characteristics is type of replication. Let me explain how viruses incorporate their DNA into ours, but first here is a video that will help you understand the process. At the beginning, Wayne Hodgkinson explains how regular transcription works, but near the end, he mentions that certain types of viruses perform the reverse process. That is the key mechanism that some viruses use: reverse transcription.

Explaining the video in simpler words, reverse transcription consists of taking the original genetic material of the virus (RNA strand) and convert it into a “fake” DNA. I am providing a diagram that reflects reverse transcription.

Reverse Transcription Process           Source: Google images

In addition, I have created a simple diagram that explains how some viruses insert their DNA into ours.

Created by Leslie Almeyda         Uploaded from personal computer

For long time ago scientists have been aware that viral DNA is present in our brain, but the former has been considered not useful to us; therefore, it has not had much importance. However, Jakobsson and his team have shown that viral DNA is capable of determining which and when genes are expressed in our brain cells. This is due to the virus’ DNA being integrated in the part of our DNA that controls expression of the “baby nerve cells,” which –when they have “grown up”- will become specialized nerve cells. As he says in a press release, “we believe that the role of retroviruses can contribute to explaining why brain cells in particular are so dynamic and multifaceted in their function.”

Let’s recall that there are many (lethal) diseases that are related to the brain, and unfortunately some of them are still untreatable. Now with the discovery that part of our brain is affected by viral DNA, scientists can look deeper into our brain cells and link our genes expression to viral DNA insertion. In Jakobsson’s words, “I believe that this can lead to new, exciting studies on the diseases of the brain. Currently, when we look for genetic factors linked to various diseases, we usually look for the genes we are familiar with. […] Now we are opening up the possibility of looking at a much larger part of the genetic material which was previously considered unimportant.”

In conclusion, we have observed that some viruses are indeed helpful to us and might even lead us to newer and more efficient treatments to cure a variety of diseases. Thank you viruses!

 

-Leslie Almeyda-