Category Archives: Science in the News

The Glass is Half Full: How a Positive Outlook can Increase Longevity

The way different people perceive their age can vary greatly from one person to another. Some can feel older than their years while others may feel younger at heart. If someone were to ask you “How old are you?” and “How old do you feel?” how would those two numbers compare?

aged

The Marks We Make Fade Away by Tony Hall on Flickr. Licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0.

In a study conducted by the University College London, they used data collected from a group of 6,489 people and compared their chronological age, averaging at 65.8 years, to their self-perceived age, averaging at 56.8 years. It was observed that around 70% of those individuals had self-perceived themselves to be younger by three years or more, 26% had thought their perceived and actual age were roughly the same and about 5% had felt more than a year older than their real age. About eight years later, a follow up was conducted on the same group of people and discovered that in the group of individuals who felt younger 14.3 % had passed away. However, the observed mortality rate was much higher for the groups that felt the same age and those that felt older at 18.5% and 24.6% respectively.

Researchers believe that there could be various factors contributing to the lower mortality rate observed in the group of individuals who felt younger than their age. For example, these individuals may have maintained a healthier diet and weight or had a higher sense of control and competency in life. Although further investigation is needed to confirm theses associations, researchers believe that the younger self-perceived age could also have influenced the lower death rate observed. In fact, new research shows that two key personality characteristic, optimism and conscientiousness, seem to be linked to people living longer lives. This is because these individuals are more aware and willing to lead healthier lifestyles to maintain their health into older age. This is an interesting finding as people may now have the ability to have a slight influence on their longevity.

One of the many great examples of an individual who possesses these two personality traits and leads a long and active life is Fauja Singh. Currently, he is 103 years old and is believed to be the world’s oldest marathon runner and world record holder in his age bracket. Fauja Singh loves to run and says that “Laughter and happiness is what life should be about, that’s your remedy for everything.”

BBC News interviewing Fauja Singh.  YouTube video courtesy of nsotd4.

– Candace Chang

WHY IS IT HARD TO STOP SMOKING IN ONE SHOT?

Even though it is widely known that smoking causes serious health problems, people still do it. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reminds us that some of the consequences of smoking are cardiovascular diseases, respiratory problems, cancer development, and even death. Nevertheless, some people are still smoking because of good feeling nicotine leaves in the body. On the contrary, some others are trying to quit smoking. Trying. But why is it hard to do it in just one shot? Here is a video from ehowhealth YouTube channel which explains what nicotine does in the body.

Recent research at the University of Copenhagen has demonstrated that the post-smoking symptoms are what make quitting smoking really difficult. In a press-release from ScienceDaily, Professor Albert Gjedde, neuroscience researcher at the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen explains “Regular smokers experience an almost dementia-like condition in the early hours after quitting, as suggested by brain scans.”

Risk from Smoking        Source: Wikipedia

According to brain scans on smokers performed by Gjedde’s research team, after having stopped smoking, the blood flow and oxygen uptake in the brain decrease by almost 20%. This is considered a stressful situation for the body, which in turn starts producing an anxiety-like reaction, which is “probably one of the reasons why it can be very difficult to quit smoking once and for all. Smokers drift back into abuse, perhaps not to obtain a pleasant effect […] but simply because the withdrawal symptoms are unbearable.” MedlinePlus  provides a comparison of the way one feels while smoking and one does after. From such list, it is evident why people have a hard time when throwing cigarettes away.

Cigarette Smoking           Source: Johanna Keppler – Flickr

 

So what could be the best method to quit smoking? Scientists have recommended that a gradual withdrawal from smoking could be less traumatic than trying to quit in a single attempt. The explanation is that the effect of the post-smoking symptom will not hit not be as overwhelming, since they will not ‘hit’ the person at once. That way quitting smoking will be more manageable.

Watch Out for Heart Attacks During Daylight Saving Time

Daylight saving time(DST) begins March 8, 2015, and we all expect another hour of sunshine in Vancouver. As people set their clock forward an hour, the time change is not necessarily good for our health.

Daylight Saving Time Increased the Risk of Heart Attacks   Photograph: Charlie Riedel/AP

Daylight Saving Time Increased the Risk of Heart Attacks (Photograph: Charlie Riedel/AP)

A research published in Open Heart online journal in 2014 shows that switching to DST increases that risk of a heart attack, especially on the coming Monday morning.

In fact, on Monday following a DST, the number of heart attacks increases 24 percent comparing with other Mondays throughout the year. In contrast, the Tuesday following the time switching to standard time in the fall was associated with 21 percent decrease in heart attacks.

Spring Forward: Heart Attacks More Numerous After Daylight Saving Time In The Spring ( Image Credit: Thinkstock.com)

In the study, researchers used the database from Blue Cross Blue Shield, which is a large insurance company, in Michigan from March 2010 to September 2013. They tracked the number of hospital admissions for heart attacks, and a total 42060 cases occurred during the study period. Researchers have found that an average of 32 patients has heart attacks on any Monday; however, on the Monday following by DST, there were an average of eight additional heart attacks. There is no significant change in the total number of heart attacks in the week after spring DST change.

The exact reason for the increasing of heart attacks in spring time switching is unknown, but sleep deprivation, the body’s circadian clock and immune responses can be possible considering reasons.

People who are vulnerable to heart attack, such as those who have a family history of heart attack or have high blood pressure, may be at higher risk after time changes. If you know you have heart trouble, take extra care on Monday and shouldn’t delay a trip to the emergency room.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FWMraW2-ps

Suggestions given by Professor Martin Young from University of Alabama to lessen health issues on Monday after time changing:

  • Wake up 30 minutes earlier on Saturday and Sunday than you need to in preparation for the early start on Monday
  • Eat a decent-sized breakfast
  • Go outside in the sunlight in the early morning
  • Exercise in the mornings over the weekend

By Xindi Wang

That’s Nuts! A New Take on Allergy Treatment

Everyone knows the best way to treat allergies is to avoid what causes them, right? Well, according to a recent study that is not the case. But before we go into that, we need to know a little about what allergies really are.

food-allergies

Image credit: Salt Room Millenia Wellnes Center

Everyone has heard of them, but what are they really? Generally speaking, an allergy is an over-reaction of the body’s immune system to something that is harmless for most people, such as eggs, pollen, or peanuts. These substances are called ‘allergens’, and the immune responses they cause can do serious harm. More information on allergens can be found in the video below, credit to eMedTv YouTube channel.

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So, why do people have allergies anyway? This question stumped scientists until DP Strachan proposed in 1989 that allergies develop primarily from the lifestyle changes of our modern society, such as increased hygiene and cleanliness. This idea has come to be commonly known as ‘the hygiene hypothesis‘. The basic principle of the hypothesis, that less exposure to certain substances causes allergies, appears to hold true under more recent analysis.

Food Allergies cause 200 000 emergency room visits each year in the U.S., with more than 15 million Americans living with food allergies. From 1997 to 2008 the number of reported peanut allergies in the U.S. tripled, breaking three million cases according to Food Allergy Research and Education (FARE). This time period coincided with increasing attempts to lower exposure of children to peanuts. Clearly something isn’t working.

Nut Free Logo Nut free school logo

Image credit: Logo-kid.com

With understanding of allergies, why they arise, and how they affect people, the importance of finding effective treatment methods becomes clear. Using logic that follows from the hygiene hypothesis, one research group may have found a strikingly simple solution.

In a paper published February 2015, Du Toit and associates studied 640 infants, 4-11 months old, that were at risk of developing peanut allergies and separated them into two treatment groups. The first group were exposed to small amounts of peanut butter routinely, while the second group completely avoided peanuts, continuing until 5 years of age. The group with peanut exposure developed peanut allergies with remarkably-less frequency than the second group(1.9% compared to 13.9%).

So what does this mean? Should people start feeding their kids peanuts to avoid a serious allergy? The answer to that is absolutely not. This study was undergone with careful scrutiny by expert physicians to ensure minimal risk. What it does mean, is that allergy treatment is going to be changing in the near future, and hopefully the rate of allergies changes too.

-Dixon Leroux

Creating Electricity – the FUN way

Around 1.3 billion people in the world lack  access to a reliable electricity source. What if there was a partial solution to this electricity scarcity? Soccket – a electricity producing soccer ball – is a new innovation that was founded in 2011. This soccer ball generates electricity by converting mechanical energy (from kicking or hitting the ball) into electrical energy.

President Obama kicks Soccket Source: DailyMail

President Obama kicks Soccket ball. Source: DailyMail

Soccer is the most inexpensive and popular sport enjoyed worldwide. All you need is a soccer ball whether it be a normal soccer ball or a ball made from straws. You just need a ball and some markers down for goal posts to play.

Soccket is just like any soccer ball except for its high technology. Soccket weighs 17 ounces (1 ounce heavier than a normal soccer ball) and it is embedded with high-coiled sensors that convert energy. A plug is located on the outside for LED lamps or for charging mobile phones. It is estimated that 30 minutes of playing soccer with Soccket can result in up to 3 hours of power for a LED lamp.

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Kids playing soccer. Source: pixabay

Kids playing soccer. Source: pixabay

In underdeveloped countries, having an off-grid power source, as they mention, is very rare. With the help of Soccket, kids will be able to bring home a light source to help them with their homework, or to read a book at night. The future plan is to distribute Soccket balls to schools so that kids can play and have fun, while generating electricity at the same time.

The project has now expanded to making jump ropes that generate up to 2 hours of electricity with 15 minutes of jumping (about 4 times more efficient than Soccket). With advancing technology and research, the world can enjoy creating energy.

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– Tommy Kim

Moving Beyond Silicon (Part Two): The Unlimited Potential of Graphene

In Part One of this series, I discussed an overarching trend in computer science called Moore’s Law. This law (think of it as a law of computer nature) states that roughly every two years, the overall processing power of the conventional computer will double. Now, while this may be exciting to the consumer who cannot wait to get their hands on a faster computer for the same price; the consequences of this law for the computer engineers who create the devices, have never been more challenging.

The most difficult of these challenges is that as more components are put into the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, the components will need to become so small that they will eventually reach the size of a single atom! Once at that hard limit, there will simply be no more room left in the microchip for more components. Consequently, the method of how we manufacture computers will need to be drastically reimagined if technological innovation is to continue in the foreseeable future.

Moore's Law and Technological Innovation

Moore’s Law can be directly linked to technological innovation. As our computers become more powerful, cutting-edge technologies proliferate. Credit: Humanswlord (WordPress)

That said, as many novel options for how to compute information differently have become available, scientists have wondered if the problem lies in what we compute our information with. Particularly, what if extending Moore’s Law for the next century meant that we only had to change the material we make our computers with? Enter the miracle material, graphene.

Put simply, graphene is a very thin layer of carbon, measuring only one atom thick. These single carbon atoms are packed together tightly to form what is known as a hexagonal honeycomb lattice.

Graphene in a Hexagonal Honeycomb Lattice

Graphene in a Hexagonal Honeycomb Lattice. Each carbon atom (represented by the “C”) is perfectly bonded to it’s neighbours. Credit: Karl Bednarik (Wikimedia Commons).

This unique structure of carbon atoms makes graphene the thinnest, lightest, strongest, best heat and electricity conducting material known to science. Not only that, but due to carbon being the fourth most abundant element in the universe, it could very well be the most sustainable material also.  However, it isn’t what graphene is that makes it so spectacular, but what it can do when put it to the task of computation.

In 2013, IBM showed their first generation of graphene-based integrated circuit (IC). Just this last year, IBM announced another breakthrough in creating its next generation of IC built with graphene. In this new generation of graphene based IC, IBM layered graphene in the channels of a microchip (the spots where electricity is conducted and electrons are moved around). From applying graphene in this way, IBM found the microchip to be 10,000 times faster then the current silicon alternative which uses copper. From this, IBM claims that graphene based electronics possess the potential to reach speeds upwards of 500ghz (that is 500 billion operations per second or 20 times faster then the conventional laptops sold today). This is made possible because graphene has little to no electrical resistance, which means it can move electrons around the processor much more efficiently then copper ever could.

With that said, there are still many hurdles which must be passed before graphene makes it into your next mobile device. For one, graphene based IC’s remain incredibly difficult to build using traditional processes for manufacturing microchips. IBM stated that current methods of creating graphene for use in IC’s remain expensive and inefficient. That said, it is only a matter of time before manufacturing processes are streamlined and the great graphene revolution in computer science begins!

For more information on graphene, check out this video by SciShow below.

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Vive la graphene!

– Corey Wilson

Oops… Lenovo’s Mistake

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Video: “CNET Update – Lenovo poisoned its own PCs with Superfish adware” uploaded by CNET

Have you, or someone you know, purchased a Lenovo computer lately? Over the past few days, Lenovo has been making the news due to the recently discovered adware the company has been pre-installing onto their Windows machines. Adware is a type of software that automatically produces ads or changes search results to include ads or sponsored websites. Examples of this are the ads that appear on a person’s Facebook news feed, and the ads that appear as the top results of a Google search. The point of adware is to earn extra revenue by having users click on the ads or the advertised company sponsoring the company displaying the ads. This is exactly what Lenovo did.

Lenovo Yoga Tablet

Attribution: “lenovo-tablet-yoga-10-keyboard-cover-9” uploaded by lenovophotolibrary on flickr.

Lenovo thought they could earn a bit of extra cash by pre-installing an adware called Superfish Visual Discovery on computers that were shipped out between October and December 2014. Sounds annoying but harmless, doesn’t it? Not quite. It turns out Superfish is not just considered by many anti-virus programs as malware (malware is malicious software like a virus), but it is a backdoor for hackers to access your information. Superfish works by recognizing images viewed on the computer, finding items that are similar, and then intercepting all of the messages sent to and from a web server to inject pages that appear in your browser with additional information (like an ad). Usually, there is a mechanism in place on a web server, which verifies each user it speaks to, but Superfish circumvents this by creating a false certificate–a certificate is what the server uses to verify the connection–that all sites will see and accept. This means that any site, including secure ones like your bank or your Amazon account (any site that starts with https://…) is intercepted. Most people call this functionality a man-in-the-middle attack. In essence, a man-in-the-middle attack is when an entity redirects traffic to go through them. This allows the hacker to eavesdrop on, or inject information into the conversation.

Man-in-the-middle attack diagram

Diagram of how a man-in-the-middle attack works.

Starting to sound a little scary, isn’t it? Well, another noteworthy point is that Superfish designed their software to create the same certificate for any instance of the software. This means that every computer running Superfish has the exact same certificate and encoding code. Thus, if someone were to figure out the key or “password” to the encryption, then they could hack every single computer running Superfish by having the same certificate. Suddenly, the pool of targets just got a lot bigger.

To avoid vulnerabilities, if you or someone you know has just bought a Lenovo computer, I suggest finding out if Superfish is installed by crosschecking the model of computer with the list of models that may have been affected. If Superfish is installed, follow Lenovo’s instructions to remove it. Lenovo made a huge mistake by pre-installing this adware on their products, but two software engineers, Chris Palmer and Mike Shaver, from Google and Facebook respectively, are to thank for bringing global attention to this security issue and subsequently protecting users.

Signing off,
Dorothy Ordogh

One Breath Closer…

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the leading cause of death worldwide is cancer. More specifically, lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world. This terrible disease does not discriminate when it comes to victims. It afflicts both genders, and people of all ages and ethnicities. Luckily, scientists have been working on a new detection device for lung cancer that holds promising benefits for patients. We are literally one breath closer to early detection and treatment of this terrible disease.

lung-cancer-faims

The LuCID Device, Source: Google Images

The article, Ground-Breaking Lung Cancer Breath Test in Clinical Trial, published on February 14, 2015 states that a breath test shows hopeful advancements in detecting lung cancer. Scientists at the University of Leicester have begun the clinical trials of the Lung Cancer Indicator Detection (LuCID) project. LuCID is a device that detects Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) at low concentrations in a patient’s breath. The evaluation of VOC’s in a patient’s breath can serve as a biomarker to detect lung cancer.

Dr Siddiqui, the lead researcher in this study, states that lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates of all cancers. More importantly, he emphasizes the importance of early detection to improve a patient’s prognosis. Basically, the earlier the cancer is discovered, the greater the chance of survival for the patient. For this reason, the LuCID device may just be the missing key to early detection. The device is also cheaper, more efficient, and less invasive compared to other detection methods. For example, performing a CT scan exposes the patient to harmful radiation that could result in further health complications. Another downside to invasive techniques is that they are not suitable for everyone, especially children and pregnant women. Overall, the breath test is a safer alternative to more conventional lung cancer detection methods.

The Presence of Lung Cancer Source: Flickr Commons

The Presence of Lung Cancer
Source: Flickr Commons

Though the LuCID project is still in clinical trials, it is showing promising results in early detection for lung cancer. Catching lung cancer at an early stage can give patients a much better chance at fighting this disease. Furthermore, this new procedure may potentially lead to more safer and non-invasive detection methods for other diseases as well.

Check out the BBC News coverage on the LuCID device. The video was uploaded by the user KaFaDoKyA NEWS.

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– Navjit Moore