Category Archives: Science in the News

Trash to Treasure

Wouldn’t it be great to convert something that is harmful, yet naturally occurring in the environment to something that is useful to the human kind? That is exactly what a few researchers led by Dr. Da Deng at Wayne State University in Detriot did.

Multi-colored algae blooms may sound like one of nature’s many beauty wonders, however it is far from wonderful. Typically, these harmful algal blooms (HAB) consists of massive growth of one or more phytoplankton species, blooming up to a concentration of hundreds to thousands of cells per millilitre. These blooms of varying size can cover the surface of water for weeks. Some blooms are large enough, they can even be seen from space!

This satellite image capture algal bloom in Lake Erie Basin, taken on July 28, 2015. source: Nasa Earth Observatory

This satellite image captures the algal bloom in Lake Erie Basin, taken on July 28, 2015. source: Nasa Earth Observatory

In 2011, the algal bloom that occured in Lake Erie broke the record of worst algal bloom ever observed, topping the chart at 10 of the 10-point severity index. In August, 2014, the Toledo water crisis in Lake Erie left nearly half a million people without safe drinking water. Although the exact cause of algal bloom is yet to be determined, scientists believes that are many contributing factors including: water temperature, sunlight, current and presence of essential nutrients like nitrogen, carbon and oxygen. Although only a few algae species produce toxins, the effects they have on humans and aquatic life are detrimental as the toxins make their way up the food chain into animals we eat.

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[Video Courtesy to: Ohio Sea Grant]

Dr. Da Deng and his team of researchers aimed to reduced HAB in freshwater lakes by converting it to something useful. The team collected samples of  toxic HABs from Lake Erie, and converted it to hard carbon by heating it in argon gas at high temperatures of  700-1000 °C. Hard carbon, often derived from petroleum made from biomass, is an ideal electrode (electric conductor used to connect non-metallic part of the circuit), used for sodium-ion batteries. The final electrodes created by the researchers consists of 80% hard carbon (derived from algae), 10% black carbon and 10% binder. The scientists found that overall, the sodium electrode had a high capacity of up to 440 mAh/g in the first cycle. However, there were some issues of irreversible capacity loss after the first cycle, resulting in a lower capacity of 230 mAh/g.

Although, Lithium-ion batteries are more dominant in use right now compared to Sodium-ion batteries, sodium is more abundant and could potentially replace the more-expensive Li-ion batteries in the future. However, more extensive research still needs to be conducted to increase the stability and capacity issues with these algae-derived sodium electrodes to improve their performance in the future. The researchers also noticed that the temperature of which the algae was heated also affected its stability and capacity performance. This is something scientists can take in account as they aim to improve this discovery.

 

 

DNA TAKE ON A NEW ‘SUPERCOILED’ SHAPE

The iconic double helix of DNA that James Watson and Francis Crick first published in 1953 was not the end of DNA structure as new Study revealed.The double helix of DNA was just a tiny fraction of a real genome.It consists of 12 DNA base-pairs that later formed building blocks of DNA known as helical ladder.

DNA structure is made up of almost 3 millions base-pairs that must fit into nucleus of a cell which is just 10 micrometers across, thus DNA must really have to coil to fit into nucleus.

To get the bigger picture according to the new research,the researchers recreated DNA molecules in the lab. The researchers forced DNA strands to coil and recoil it at the same for several turns using short circular snippets of DNA that is made up of many base-pairs.
The researchers the discovered a panoply of a breathtaking new shape of DNA.YouTube Preview Image
Supercomputer simulations show how the dynamic motion of the supercoiled DNA causes its shape to change constantly to form a myriad of structures.

Most of which have different shape of DNA like handcuffs or sewing needles.Others through their coiling shape look like rods.
Supercoiled DNA strands

Photo credit: LIVESCIENCE/Thana Sutthibutpong

To make this ‘supercoiled’ DNA strands visible in the human body,researchers inserted an enzyme called human topoisomerase II alpha into the body to show how this ‘supercoiled’ DNA look like in the body.
The enzyme relaxed DNA twisted DNA in human body.This new discovery of ‘SUpercoiled’ DNA was reported today (oct 12) in the Journal Nature Communications posted by livescience that the structural shape of DNA created in the lab resembled the strands of DNA found in the cell nucleus.

The DNA samples were then froze and used a special form of microscopy to capture the first-ever images.
According to James Watson and Francis Crick, DNA helix is formed when complementary base-pairs like adenine and guanine are bound together which is now being contradicted by the new simulation of DNA in the new study that these base-pairs peel apart when the helix is unraveled.

The new discovered has shown us the complexity of the structure of DNA.It is now beyond double helix and it is so interesting to see how ‘supercoiled’ is DNA.

KUOL BIONG

Tragic Island Threatening Our Marine Life

Have you heard about a huge floating island of plastic? You may not believe it, but there it is in the central North Pacific Ocean, called the Great Garbage PatchThe size of the garbage patch is enormous estimated about twice the size of Texas! Charles Moore, the scientist who first discovered the garbage patch, mentioned that the garbage island will even likely double in size in the next ten years. The Great Garbage Patch has become a discourse of environmental debate for its adverse effects on marine life.

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Source: Flickr Commons

Though there are various types and sizes of debris, the majority of the marine debris consists of plastics. Algalita Marine Research Foundationan organization that studies sampling the marine debris to determine the density of plastic debris in the pacific garbage patch, analyzed the increasing ratio of plastic to zoo plankton by weight. This means that the concentration of plastic debris is increasing, contaminating the largest biome on Earth. Increasing accumulation of plastic debris leads to the biological loss by entanglement and ingestion. Every year, over 100000 ocean animals become trapped in marine debris and unfortunately, many of them die. In addition, many marine organisms ingest plastic debris, mistaking them as their food source, being poisoned and starved.

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Author: Chris Jordan Source: Wikimedia Commons

The chemical toxicity in plastics is another factor that deteriorates marine ecosystem. Plastic debris not only contains organic contaminants, but it also contains persistent organic pollutants such as pesticides and petroleum hydrocarbons, which are resistant to environmental degradation: they will remain in the water, aggravating and propelling the speed of contamination of marine life. Also, the high concentration of contaminants causes lethal threats to marine ecosystem as they accumulate in their body through ingestion. Contaminants, such as phthalates and Bisphenol A (BPA), adversely affect reproduction in many marine animal groups, disrupting the development of amphibians and inducing genetic abnormality. BPA acts as a feminizing agent that produces an estrogenic effect in fish. It also affects the processes of sex hormones and disrupts growth, insulin signaling, bone development and brain development. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of chemicals can occur; persistent organic pollutant can accumulate in the fatty tissues of organisms and higher the trophic level, the greater potentially the negative effect on birth or mortality of marine animals.

From the serious damages caused by the garbage patch, people have to be aware that we have caused the destruction of marine life. The environment constantly lets us know through diseases or disasters that it needs care, and people must pick up on the cues and change their behavior in order to save the world from a dark future!

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YouTube video courtesy of: National Geographic

By InHye(Lisa) Kim

I commented on :

Adrian Li’s post on Vitamin C. Miracle Cure or Wannabe Dud or Neither?

Grace Kim’s post on Almost there! Universal blood for all.

Julia He’s post on My Grandma Can Become Stronger by Eating Apples and Tomatoes.

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Kidneys Grown in Petri Dishes Claimed to Be Functional When Transplanted in Animals

 

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Source: Flickr Commons. Credit to: Alpha

This past decade has been an exciting time for regenerative science. Developmental biologists have been striving to discover new methods to grow organs such as hearts, brains, muscles, and even a hamburger patty from stem cells. As of only this September, kidneys grown in Petri dishes have been shown to be functional in animal studies!

Japanese researcher Dr. Shinya Yokote and his team have come across a scientific breakthrough within the stem cell research field in their recent early edition paper published on September 21st, 2015.

The early edition paper claims that transplant of lab-grown kidneys from stem cells are fully functional – in the sense that they can generate and excrete urine – in their animal studies with rats and pigs. Other groups in the past have generated half functioning kidneys that could generate urine when transplanted into animals, but not excrete it – a disorder known as hydronephrosis.

Dr. Yokote’s group managed to overcome hydronephrosis by inventing a new system within the rat’s body for the stem cell-generated kidneys to excrete their waste in to prevent hydronephrosis. They biologically engineered a persistent drainage tube to the kidney and connected it to a temporary bladder which was transplanted along with the kidney. This new system would empty its waste to the animal’s real bladder when it became full. The scientists named this system the “stepwise peristaltic ureter,” (SWPU) and believe that this could be the future of kidney transplantation.

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A picture of the SWPU system that were used to transplant into rats. Source: Yokote, S., Matsunari, H., Iwai, S., Yamanaka, S., Uchikura, A., Fujimoto, E., Matsumoto, K., Nagashima, H., Kobayashi, E., Yokoo, T. (2015). Urine excretion strategy for stem cell-generated embryonic kidneys. PNAS Early Edition September 21, 2015. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1507803112

Although this discovery could impact millions with kidney failures in the future, readers should be warned that this is only an early access article. The researchers have not shown any empirical data to support their claims in their early access article. Those interested should keep a keen eye open for the full paper to be released!

By Justin Yoon

Almost there! Universal blood for all.

Researchers of The Centre for Blood Research and The Chemistry Department in University British Columbia (UBC) have been experimenting to generate an enzyme that makes eight different blood types to be the safe universal blood for everyone.

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Blood transfusion (source: Flickr Commons)

As it is generally known, our blood type lies into four major groups: A,B, AB and O. Also, there are positive types and negative types on each four types. Overall, eight different blood types differentiate from each other by additional sugar structure that lies on the surface of the red blood cells which decide presence or absence of antigens. Failure in performing correct blood transfusion can bring life-threatening situation due to immune responses to patients. The importance of correctly identifying the blood type and its transfusion to the patient in need is absolutely critical in the matter of life and death. An example of wrong blood type transfusion can be found in the link.

Drawing from the above importance of identifying blood for patients, the blood type O is known as universal blood because type A and B share the same core sugar structure as type O.  More specifically, only type O negative can be called universal blood because type O positive can not be transfused to patients who have negative blood type. Blood type O negative can be donated to patients with negative blood types as well as positive blood types. The universal blood type O negative is the key to blood transfusion; one which is in need, but not enough of.

Above diagram indicates blood type O as universal donor due to absence of antigen.

Therefore, David Kwan (UBC Chemistry department), Jayachandran Kizhakkedathu (UBC the Centre for Blood Research) and others are in process of finding a way to create an enzyme that can cut off the additional sugar structure (antigen) on surface of the blood cell so that all blood types can be donated and transfused safely as blood type O. Such research is the breakthrough in the clinical use of blood transfusion in saving the lives of critical patients.

Researchers used a new technology called directed evolution to generate the “sugar(antigen)-cutting” enzyme. Through directed evolution technology, researchers were possible to insert mutation gene into the gene that codes for the enzyme. Currently, thanks to their efforts, the enzyme under research became 170 times more effective at cutting majority of antigens in type A and B.

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[Credit to: City]

Since the enzyme cuts majority of antigens but not all, the research is still underway. Human immune system is critically sensitive to even tiniest of antigens; adding to the importance of the successful research. This study needs further improvement before the enzyme can be used for clinical use.

by Grace Kim.

Does storing data using light make computers lighter?

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The image represents a memory cell, with the yellow patch being the phase-change material called GST, which sits on a waveguide

When it comes to new enhances to computers everyone wants faster response times and overall better performance. A team of researchers from top ranked universities found a way to increase computers performance by changing the way they access and store data.

Data stored on a computer needs to be there when power is is either on or off. This is called non-volatile memory and devices that have this property are CD’s, DVD’s and hard disks. Although devices like these provide data storage, they are really slow compared to CPU. Exactly how slow? Same as email and pony express.

This is a huge step in technology since it would allow computers to become much faster overall. It would also help the CS community deal with technical difficulties that arise from memory accesses like blocking an execution path until memory read/write is complete. The earlier example is hard to handle with today’s technology, since it introduces many possible hard-to-discover errors that may cause abnormal behavior.

This problem encountered in Computer Science is called the von Neumann bottleneck. Even though you can increase the performance of the CPU, you still waste many cycles waiting for memory/hard disk to respond to the requests. “There’s no point using faster processors if the limiting factor is the shuttling of information to-and-from the memory”, explains the University of Oxford’s Professor Harish Bhaskaran, leader of the research project, in a statement.

Professor Harish Bhaskaran and together with his team have built the world’s first all-photonic non-volatile memory chip. The chip provides incredible data reads and writes given we are using light and not electronic signals. However that is not the only major property of it; it also allows for simultaneous reads and writes, a world first as well.

The next steps of this projects are deploying the chip and integrating it with existent configurations in the industry, as well as building interfaces with different modules.

Radu Nesiu

Credit: Image by Wolfram Pernice

NASA Confirms Flowing Water On Mars: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Red Planet

The fourth celestial body from the Sun and one of Earth’s closest neighbors has just got a little brighter in the public eye. Scientists at NASA have made a ground-breaking announcement regarding one of the oldest questions surrounding Mars. The discovery of extraterrestrial life? Sorry, no. But something just as exciting. In a press release on Monday, NASA confirmed that it has found evidence of water flowing on present-day Mars.

Author: NikoLang Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Description: Mars Dayside in Celestia with Addon
Author: NikoLang
Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Data from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, or MRO, showed seasonal changes in the level of hydrated minerals on the surface of the Red Planet. Spectral imaging analysis of certain Martian slopes indicated a cycle of liquid water flowing downhill during warmer seasons. This flow would then recede in colder seasons, not unlike on our own planet. This pattern was found in several locations on the Martian surface which were once considered mysterious due to unexplained observable streaks. For a science geek like myself, it feels like the start of a brand new chapter in space education. And I’m sure publishers are salivating at the chance to revise hundreds of thousands of science textbooks.

Courtesy of NASA via YouTube

In addition, the discovery has major implications if whether Mars is able to currently support life and if humans will one day be able to utilize this precious resource. John Grunsfeld, astronaut and associate administrator of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, described it as a meaningful step in mankind’s exploration of space.

“Our quest on Mars has been to ‘follow the water,’ in our search for life in the universe, and now we have convincing science that validates what we’ve long suspected.”

Furthermore, NASA’s latest revelation is an excellent example in how the agency is reaching out to the general public. NASA scientists opened a digital dialogue via Reddit.com, answering Mars-related questions from online users. In my opinion, this form of two-way communication allows NASA to send a much clearer message to the general public without news producers filtering it within the web of mass media. It also gives that message a more personal touch, which may be more interesting and inspiring to a younger generation that did not grow up watching the shuttle missions.

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NASA Subreddit Logo
Courtesy of Reddit.com

YouTube and social media were also utilized to spread the news. Such efforts are important as NASA’s funding has reached record-low levels in recent years, in terms of proportion of spending of the U.S. federal budget. This drop in relative funding has now forced the world’s space program to solely rely on Russia to transport astronauts to the International Space Station. However, the decline of NASA’s influence may have a silver lining as private companies have cropped up to fill the void and perhaps one day step up to take the lead in this field. Virgin Galactic and SpaceX are just some of the more prominent firms that come to mind.

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NASA Budget as a Percentage of U.S. Federal Budget
Author: 0x0077BE
Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

The announcement also comes at an opportune time for the American space agency with the theatrical release of “The Martian”. The highly-anticipated film about a stranded astronaut is expected to boost public interest in a manned mission to the Red Planet.

Courtesy of 20th Century Fox via Twitter

The Martian (2015)
Courtesy of 20th Century Fox via Twitter

It’s a spectacular journey that NASA is already planning for. However, it still remains to be seen whether the cash-strapped agency can build upon this new momentum in order to transform its sci-fi dream into reality.

-Paul Yi

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The future of wound healing

If today you cut your hand accidentally, what would you do? I would put some pressure on the wound and a Band-Aid to stop the bleeding! However, what if you are an military doctor operating on someone who has been shot on the battlefield, and is bleeding profusely on the operating table?

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Surgery, Author: Army Medicine  Source: Flickr Commons

Modern blood clotting agents do exist, but they are slow to action and may pose health risks later on. This is where Vetigel comes into the spotlight! Created by Joe Landolina and his company Suneris, this new invention has the possibility to revolutionize the medical field.

Before we find out what Vetigel does, I will first explain how our body heals that simple paper cut on our hand. It may be surprising to know that the healing mechanisms behind a paper cut and a gunshot wound is strikingly similar. The major difference is the size of the wound, which means your body has less time to self-heal with more blood being lost every second.

Our wounds heal with special mechanisms that involve our cells, and a microscopic mesh that exists between these cells called the extracellular matrix. This matrix is also what holds your cells in place, help cells communicate with each other,  and assist in nutrient transport. When a wound heals, the human body is simply recreating this matrix with the help of other specialized cells from the immune system (Enoch & Leaper, 2005). Unfortunately, I don’t think the human body has the one type fits all kind of extracellular matrix. Instead, our bodies has to slowly recreate this extracellular matrix specifically for the site of injury.

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Extracellular matrix, Author: Alejandro Porto Source: Wikimedia commons

In my opinion, this problem of slow self-regeneration is what Vetigel tries to resolve. Vetigel™ can spontaneously assemble into the same “configuration” of extracellular matrix wherever it’s applied. It speeds up your own body’s ability to heal wounds by removing the need to slowly recreate the extracellular matrix. If you put Vetigel on your skin, the gel will self-assemble into a mesh similar to your skin`s extracellular matrix; if you apply Vetigel™ to your heart, the gel will assemble into a mesh similar to your heart’s extracellular matrix. I was truly amazed at the speed at which traumatic bleeding can be stopped, here is a video demonstrating Vetigel in action (blood warning):YouTube Preview Image

Joe Landolina`s genius is that he  realized certain polymers derived from plant cell wall have self-assembling properties. Therefore, by basing Vetigel on these plant polymers, Vetigel can automatically assemble in a similar fashion as the micro-environment it is applied on. Here’s his TED talk giving a more detailed introduction of his product:

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The future of emergency and military medicine sure looks bright, but FDA approval of this amazing product is still a few years away.  For now, Joe Landolina has started producing Vetigel for veterinary medicine, and maybe one day your beloved dog will be saved because of innovative science!

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Saving man’s best friend! Author: Austin Community College, Source: Flickr Commons

By Yu Chieh (Brian) Cheng