Author Archives: rmchang

Is Texting the Downfall of the English Language?

Text-speak or textisms, you’ve used them. Everyone is guilty of using OMG, LOL, or IDK at least once. And really, how could you even avoid it? Today, using abbreviated words in texting is quick and easy universal slang.  The question is: how is this distinct text speech affecting our everyday language?

 

In recent years, this question has been asked a lot with mixed results. Some studies have shown that text-speak has a negative effect on literacy skills, lowering grammar scores of middle school students. It was found that students improvised text-speak, which drops vowels, consonants, punctuation, and capitalization, in academic assignments. On the other hand, studies have actually found a positive or no relationship between using text-speak abbreviations and student’s literacy skills. They argue that to fully understand and correctly use text-speak, you need to first have a higher understanding of the language.

 

 

Studies also debunk the media fuelled idea of preteens being responsible for creating and using confusing letter and number mash-ups in their daily communication- practically ‘speaking another language’. In actuality, it’s young adults, 18 to 24-year-olds, which are using and developing this language. One linguist adds that in texts, 90% of the words are in proper English, and further argues that abbreviations have limitations in properly conveying ideas. In fact, people will type out “please” and “thank you” three times more than “pls” and “thx”. Moreover, he brings up that textisms really aren’t a new phenomenon, but have been around for dozens of years.

 

Watch the SourceFed video below and follow their links for more interesting facts!

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In the last decade texting and text-speak has become a major form of communication, specifically for adolescents. The fact that our language is constantly changing overtime also needs to be taken into consideration and accepted. How people spoke in the 1800s is nowhere near how we speak today just like our future generations’ language will evolve as well. Whether texting’s lasting effect will be positive or negative on the English language, conflicting studies say it can go either way.

– Rachel Chang

Chimeras: Not as Fictional as You Think

Chimera [ki-meeruh] usually defined as:

1. n. A mythological, fire-breathing monster, commonly represented with a lion’s head, a goat’s body, and a serpent’s tail. (source)

However, there is also a lesser known genetic definition:

2. n. An organism composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, as an organism that is partly male and partly female, or an artificially produced individual having tissues of several species. (source)

Now this definition is applicable in the real world.

DNA to chromosome Image source

One type of chimerism is tetragametic chimerism. Tetragametic chimerism occurs when different sperm fertilizes two eggs. Two zygotes develop and then fuse together, this isn’t effected by gender difference. The remaining zygote has two distinct sets of DNA and therefore 46 pairs of chromosomes instead of the typical 23. When the fetus develops the organs have different DNA types, for example, their liver will have one set of DNA and their lungs the other set of DNA. Observable chimera phenotype characteristics are differences in the pigment of their eyes, hair and patches of skin, also a possibility of extraneous sexual organs.However, in humans the condition is rare, most have no presenting abnormal characteristics and live completely unaware.

Two infamous cases of tetragametic chimerism in humans are Karen Keegan and Lydia Fairchild.

Keegan needed a kidney transplant and her children were tested as potential matches. The results showed that only one of her three children was actually related to her. After extensive testing on Keegan’s different organ tissues researchers discovered, and published in 2002, that Keegan had 46 pairs of chromosomes and was a natural chimera.

In 2005, Fairchild discovered she had different DNA from her two children after DNA testing done to get welfare aid. She was accused of welfare fraud and threatened to have her children taken from her custody. When her third child was born and DNA testing was negative again, she was under the suspicion that she was lying as a surrogate or had acquired her children illegally. Only after presenting the published chimera paper on Keegan, Fairchild was tested and proven as a chimera as well.

Presently, scientists are researching if chimera organisms have better immunity or if the genetics can be used for future biological advances. Unnatural chimeras such as ‘geeps’, a fusion of a sheep and goat embryo, have already been successfully created as well as human and animal fused embryos. Using these hybrids, however, involves stem cell research and genetic engineering, which brings up major ethical problems and controversy in the scientific community.

So, we’ll never have mythological fire breathing creatures, but you have to admit it’s still pretty darn cool.

– Rachel Chang

 

Wave Goodbye to Shots: The Future of Drug Administration

A breakthrough by MIT Engineers is making waves in medical drug administration- literally. Previous studies explored using low ultrasound frequency waves rather than a shot or pill to deliver drugs. How is that possible? The ultrasound waves make the skin more permeable allowing drugs to be administered directly on to and passively through the skin. Results of these studies, however, have been lacking.  What researchers have now discovered is the key to success is a combination of both a low and high frequency wave.

Why bother with area of research when we already have pills or shots to give us vaccines or drugs? The possible use of this technique has huge implications on how medicine is produced and administered in the future. Not only is this drug delivery painless, but also direct and noninvasive to the skin.

Watch the video below where Carl Schoellhammer, one of the lead researchers, explains how this technique works:

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Youtube video from user MITNewsOffice

To summarize: a high and low frequency create tiny bubbles in a solution, which implode causing jets of water to remove the very top layer of skin. Drugs are able to be applied via patch or as the fluid the bubbles are created in.

What does this mean for the future?

Image from Google

On a broader scope, if the ultrasound device is made easily available and affordable for wide spread use in hospitals, the need for needles could be hugely reduced. Needle free drug delivery could potentially be more sterile and safer. It could reduce the degree of negative effects or injury from contaminated or damaged needles as well as the dangerous waste of used needles. This change in medical procedure could specifically have a huge effect on third world countries concerning sterility and treatment problems.

Insulin uptake after single freq (blue) and dual freq (red) treatments. Adapted from: Schoellhammer, C. M., et al, 2012

On a smaller scale, practical use of this treatment in the future could changethedaily life and health of diabetics. The two compounds a study used were glucose and insulin, and the results showed that they were successfully delivered passively through the skin.

Eventually, this ultrasound technique could just become an alternative for those who are uncomfortable with swallowing pills or can’t tolerate needles. I, for one, have a vested interest to see where this treatment goes in the future. Because, really, who doesn’t dread getting a shot from the doctors?

– Rachel Chang

References:

Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety : http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/needlestick_injuries.html

Johnson, M.E. et al. “Synergistic effects of chemical enhancers and therapeutic ultrasound on transdermal drug delivery.” J Phram Sci. 12 June. 2012. Web. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8818988 (accessed Oct, 1, 2012)

MIT Media Relations. “Getting (drugs) under your skin.” http://web.mit.edu/press/2012/ultrasound-waves-and-drug-delivery.html (accessed Oct, 1, 2012)

Ogura, M. et al. “Low-frequency sonophoresis: Current status and future prospects.” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 3 Aug. 2008. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169409X08000860 (accessed Oct, 1, 2012)

Polat, B.E. et al.”Transport pathways and enhancement mechanisms within localized and non-localized transport regions in skin treated with low-frequency sonophoresis and sodium lauryl sulfate.” J Pharm Sci.10 Aug. 2011. Web. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20740667 (accessed Oct,1, 2012)

Schoellhammer, C. M. et al. “Rapid Skin Permeabilization by the Simultaneous Application of Dual-frequency, High-intensity Ultrasound.” J. Control. Release. 22 Aug. 2012. Web. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.019 (accessed Oct,1 , 2012)

Image source: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20081030PHT41044/20081030PHT41044_original.jpg

Schoellhammer, C. M. et al. “Rapid Skin Permeabilization by the Simultaneous Application of Dual-frequency, High-intensity Ultrasound.” J. Control. Release. 22 Aug. 2012. Web. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.019