Category Archives: Science in the News

Is Texting the Downfall of the English Language?

Posted on October 29, 2012 by | 7 comments

Text-speak or textisms, you’ve used them. Everyone is guilty of using OMG, LOL, or IDK at least once. And really, how could you even avoid it? Today, using abbreviated words in texting is quick and easy universal slang.  The question is: how is this distinct text speech affecting our everyday language?

 

In recent years, this question has been asked a lot with mixed results. Some studies have shown that text-speak has a negative effect on literacy skills, lowering grammar scores of middle school students. It was found that students improvised text-speak, which drops vowels, consonants, punctuation, and capitalization, in academic assignments. On the other hand, studies have actually found a positive or no relationship between using text-speak abbreviations and student’s literacy skills. They argue that to fully understand and correctly use text-speak, you need to first have a higher understanding of the language.

 

 

Studies also debunk the media fuelled idea of preteens being responsible for creating and using confusing letter and number mash-ups in their daily communication- practically ‘speaking another language’. In actuality, it’s young adults, 18 to 24-year-olds, which are using and developing this language. One linguist adds that in texts, 90% of the words are in proper English, and further argues that abbreviations have limitations in properly conveying ideas. In fact, people will type out “please” and “thank you” three times more than “pls” and “thx”. Moreover, he brings up that textisms really aren’t a new phenomenon, but have been around for dozens of years.

 

Watch the SourceFed video below and follow their links for more interesting facts!

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In the last decade texting and text-speak has become a major form of communication, specifically for adolescents. The fact that our language is constantly changing overtime also needs to be taken into consideration and accepted. How people spoke in the 1800s is nowhere near how we speak today just like our future generations’ language will evolve as well. Whether texting’s lasting effect will be positive or negative on the English language, conflicting studies say it can go either way.

– Rachel Chang

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Posted in Science Communication, Science in the News

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Is Genetically-Modified Food Safe?

Posted on October 28, 2012 by | 3 comments

Genetcially modified foods (GMF) surround our daily lives. The vegetables and fruits at grocery stores, and the meat that  can be bought at a deli are all, at some point, attributed to the enhancement of genetics. What does it mean to be genetically modified? At a molecular level, the genetic make-up of an organism is either altered by insertion or deletion of specific segments of a gene, which results in different phenotypic traits. These traits exhibit better resistance to harsh weather conditions, resilience to insect infestations, and they are easier to grow across all conditions.

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(Explains how genetically modified foods plays a role in society and introduces Monsanto, the biggest biotechnology company in the world.)

So what are some advantages to GMF? The biggest advantages are production cost and efficiency. GMF is cheap to produce and easy to grow. An example of this is corn. Thousands of tons of corn are produced each year, and about 82% of the corn on the market are genetically modified. Other advantages include pest resistance, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and salinity tolerance.

Fig.1 This is an example of what a genetically modified corn can look like. There are different colors located on different beads of corn.

As for disadvantages, there really hasn’t been any real implications or diseases associated with GMF in humans. In Canada, GMF are treated like any other food, and there are no specific laws that push for companies to label their products as genetically-modified. Though there hasn’t been human related health hazard cases, a study done in France on rats showed rats that were fed genetically-modified corn died prematurely, and tumors developed in the liver, kidney, and skin.

Fig.2 Rats that ate genetically-modified corn from Monsanto exhibited tumor growths around the body. These growths eventually lead to the death of the subjects prematurely.

So should consumers like ourselves trust the ongoing development of GMF? As of yet, there hasn’t been any concrete evidence to support that GMF can cause tumor growths, cancer, or any serious health issues in humans; however, there is a correlation between them. Presently, I think it is safe to consume GMF, but with a regulated diet including organic foods. In addition, I believe that  governments should push for stronger regulations and tighter laws that govern the production and distribution of GMF.

-Daniel Liao

Sources:

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/iyh-vsv/food-aliment/gm-tg-eng.php

http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php

http://www.globalresearch.ca/potential-health-hazards-of-genetically-engineered-foods/8148

 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/20/us-gmcrops-safety-idUSBRE88J0MS20120920

http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/possiblemutations

Pictures and Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAP6ZtfP9ZQ

http://docakilah.wordpress.com/2011/11/24/doctors-warn-avoid-genetically-modified-food/

http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/groundbreaking-study-links-monsanto-genetically-modified-corn-organ-failure

 

3 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

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Hearing Loss and Earphones

Posted on October 22, 2012 by | 3 comments

The IPod and MP3 player revolutionized the way we listen to music. It is possible to carry thousands of high quality songs in a super portable device. Everywhere you look, whether it is at a gym, at a school campus, in a library, or even on the street, you are bound to see numerous people with their earphones in their ears, listening to their music. Through observation, you will notice many people spend hours listening to music with the music so loud that others are able to hear the music clearly around them. People that are listening to their music loud and for prolonged periods of times are damaging their hearing. In order to understand how loud music from earphones damages hearing one must first understand how hearing works in the first place.

How does hearing work?

Diagram of the structure of ear. Shows external, middle and inner ear. Source: Temporal Bone and Ear Anatomy – Kevin Kavanagh MD

First sounds are picked up by the external ear. The sound wave pitches are then increased as the sound enters the ear canal. Next, the sound enters into the middle ear. The middle ear contains an important delicate bone structure called the ossicles. The function of the ossicles is to intensify the sound vibrations. Once the ossicles has done its job, the sound waves are moved into the inner ear. Tiny hair cells are then activated and are set in motion by the movement of fluid. These tinyhairs convert the vibrations into impulses. The impulses are then sent down the auditory nerve and the brain processes the sounds.

How do headphones harm your ear? 

The main location in the ear that hearing loss occurs is the inner ear. The high energy sound waves produced by loud music in earphones or prolonged earphone use, overstimulate the fluid, causing an over stimulation in the hair cells, which results in many of these cells to die. When these hair cells die,  certain frequencies of sound are no longer heard and processed by the brain. This is called hearing loss.

So how can you protect your ears?

If you regularly use your IPod and want to prevent hearing loss here these are the best preventative measures:

  • The most obvious is to control the volume of the device, don’t go over 60% of the maximum volume.
  • Use noise cancelling headphones so you don’t adjust the volume louder just because you are hearing background noise
  • Finally, limit the use of your IPod to only one hour a day, as this the time limit stated by researchers as the optimal time for use, considering the fact that your ears are exposed to  other high sound level factors such as traffic every day.

In the NBC news report below, Dr. Kourosh Parham, a ear specialist, describes preventative techniques in order to help people avoid hearing loss from earphones:

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-Mandip Parmar

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Posted in Issues in Science, Science in the News

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Microbes with Arsenic DNA Backbones: Fact or Science Fiction?

Posted on October 20, 2012 by | 2 comments

In December of 2010, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) took the scientific world by storm with a press release stating that a news conference would be held to “discuss an astrobiology finding that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life”. At the press conference, NASA scientist Felisa Wolfe-Simon claimed to have found a microbe that was able to incorporate arsenic as a substitute for phosphate in the DNA backbone. This conclusion was reached since the microbe managed to grow even in conditions with high arsenic concentrations and low phosphate concentrations. This microbe, strain GFAJ-1 of the Halomonadaceae, was isolated from Mono Lake, California, a lake known for its toxicity in the form of extremely high concentrations of arsenic.

Picture of GFAJ-1: (Creative Commons License: image by Jodi Switzer Blum)

Wolfe-Simon’s reasoning was that because arsenic is directly below phosphate in the periodic table, it has a similar chemical reactivity which allows it to be substituted for phosphate in the DNA backbone. According to NASA, the implication of this research is that the long-held assumption that all life on earth, from the tiniest microbe to large mammals, depends on six essential elements, one being phosphorus, may be wrong.

NASA sensationalized the implications of Wolfe-Simon’s research; it was claimed that the exploration for alien life that previously only included searching for the six essential elements, would have to be modified to include arsenic. A whole new branch of previously unexplored life forms could exist.

 However, the scientific community was not as receptive as the public to Wolfe-Simon’s work. Shortly after the online publication of Wolfe-Simon’s paper, an avalanche of criticism descended on the paper in the form of dozens of technical responses and online responses to the paper by skeptical scientists. The methodology of Wolfe-Simon’s experiment, the data analysis and the interpretation of results were all thoroughly criticized.

Here’s a video of the NASA Press Conference announcing Wolfe-Simon’s work. From 0-2:55, Wolfe-Simon provides the motivation for her work and from 2:56-9:39, Dr. Steven Benner, Founder and Distinguished Fellow of the Foundation of Applied Molecular Evolution, discusses why he is skeptical of Wolfe-Simon’s conclusions.   (attribution: rrhea22)

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Rosie Redfield, a microbiology professor at the University of British Columbia, has been one of the leading voices in the criticism of Wolfe-Simon’s work; along with a scathing blog post about Wolfe-Simon’s research two days after it was published,  she later published an article refuting Wolfe-Simon’s conclusions about the ability of GFAJ-1 to incorporate arsenic in its DNA backbone entirely. Redfield showed that GFAJ-1 was unable to substitute arsenic for phosphate in the DNA backbone through growing the microbe in the same conditions described by Wolfe-Simon, then analyzing the DNA strands for arsenic incorporation.

For all of us out there in the world fervently hoping for a new avenue of previously unexplored alien life forms, it looks like GFAJ-1 does not provide proof that there is an organism able to incorporate arsenic in place of phosphorus. This doesn’t mean there aren’t any organisms able to do this out there in the world, it just means we have to keep on exploring and researching!

References:

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/02dec_monolake/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_Nz_6Pbydo&feature=related

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GKmKyfXuFw

http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2010/12/this_paper_should_not_have_been_published.html

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/02/AR2010120204183.html

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6034/1163.abstract

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6093/470.short

 

2 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

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Good news to Chocolate lovers

Posted on October 15, 2012 by | 6 comments

Yummy chocolates. Picture by WoofBC on Flickr

        Do you have to restrain yourself from indulging in that chocolate calling you from the store windows? Well, now you can loosen up a bit! The good new is that more studies are showing that chocolate is actually beneficial for your health. Most of us love chocolate. Chocolate is a popular food around the world. It is given as traditional gifts on some holidays: Valentine’s Day, Easter, Halloween, and Christmas. However, we try to avoid eating chocolate whenever possible because of its fattening characteristics, and because it is addictive. Addictive things have never been good for us. However, chocolate consists of many compounds besides fats and sugar. Of the many compositions, I’ll focus on flavonoids, which naturally originate from cacao, the main ingredient in chocolate.

        In contrast to our beliefs, chocolates can have a positive effect on our health. There are still some contradicting opinions, but there has been increasing evidence of chemicals, such as flavonoids, in cacao that improve our health. On October 10, 2012, a study by Franz H. Messerli was published correlating between chocolate consumption in 23 different countries and their populations’ cognitive function. His study was based on the Nobel Prize winners to mimic the overall cognitive function of the 23 countries. It so turns out that increase in the amount of chocolate consumption does increase the number of Nobel laureates in the countries. This, as mentioned above, is due to flavonoids in the cacao. These secondary metabolites have been proven for better cognitive function[1]. For example, elderly patients reduce the risk of dementia by taking flavonoids[1]. The study’s results were that unsurprisingly, Switzerland, famous for their chocolate, was in the lead of both chocolate consumption and Nobel Prize winners. Now, I don’t think chocolate is the absolute causation of increased number of Nobel Prize winners, but according to the article, chocolate somewhat has an influence on the cognitive function.

        Furthermore, flavonoids lower blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels in the in the brain. We all know that high blood pressure can be deadly because they are highly known for the causation of strokes and heart attacks.

Choose dark Chocolate! Picture by Boz Bros on Flickr

        An important point to note is that not all chocolates have flavonoids. Dark chocolate contains four times more flavonoids than milk chocolate, while white chocolate doesn’t have any [2]. So choose dark chocolate to satisfy your cravings and maintain your health! But of course, you shouldn’t depend on dark chocolate for better health. They, too, have calories and sugar[2]. Chocolate can help, but the key to health is healthy eating and exercise. We should consume chocolate from time to time, we might build up more stress if we have to force ourselves to stay away from it!

The following video shortly explains the health benefits of chocolate:

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Article on Messerli’s study

Article from CBC

-MinJi-

6 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News, Uncategorized

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If you are afraid of snakes now… be glad you were not around during the reign of Titanoboa.

Posted on October 15, 2012 by | 5 comments

Snakes have never really been an object of fear for me personally in the past. Although, these reptiles have been the main fear of many people that I know. I have always thought that if you left them alone, they will leave you alone. If they do attack, I could probably out run them easily. However, this all changed when I learned of Titanoboa.

Imagine yourself in a world of dense swampy jungle, where the dinosaurs are gone, the earth was much warmer, and reptiles ruled the world. [1] This was Cerrejón (located in modern-day Columbia) approximately 58-milion years ago. [1] This was the world where Titanoboa, the monster snake, ruled.

Dense jungle from http://www.crydev.net/viewtopic.php?t=55486

How was this prehistoric dead monarch discovered? It was discovered by a graduate student, Alex Hastings, when he was looking through fossils from Cerrejón in a box labelled “crocodile”. He noticed a very large and strange vertebra, and realized they this vertebra was not from a crocodile. Hastings and a fellow graduate student, Jason Bourque, compared the mysterious vertebra to the vertebra of a modern-day anaconda. The two found that the two bones were similar in appearance even though the anaconda’s vertebra was much smaller. [2] This discovery led to further investigation and with the eventual identification of Titanoboa.

What was this titan of the past like? It turns out that the size of Titanoboa may have been around 42 to 49 feet long, and could have weighted around 2,500 pounds. [2] According to the video below, the Titanoboa killed its prey by constriction. It delivered a powerful squeeze of 400 pounds per square inch. The video below puts that number into perspective, they say that it is like having three Eiffel towers stacked on top of one another crushing you.

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How did such a titan exist? It seems a little unbelievable to imagine a snake of this caliber roaming this world. Well, it turns out that Earth, during Titanoboa’s reign was much different from our own. The Earth that Titanoboa lived in, had 50 percent more carbon dioxide than today, which in turn results in a Earth much warmer than today. [2] Since, all reptiles are cold-blooded; their size essentially depends on how warm their environment is. [2] This fact, allows us to safely say that as long as we get global warming under control, new titan snakes will not appear.

Was this titan snake, at the top of the food chain? Other fossils were found at Cerrejón, including fossils of giant crocodiles and turtles. [3] These giant crocodiles could have been a possible predator to Titanoboa, but this snake was at the top of the food chain because it could easily constrict and devour these massive crocodiles whole. [3] Despite the size and ferocity of Titanoboa, it probably would not be able to dethrone the modern day apex predator, Human beings.

A scaled model of Titanoboa from http://www.dogonews.com/2012/3/26/pre-historic-titanoboa-rattles-new-york-commuters

-Dominic

5 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Science in the News

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Sleep Quantity VS. Sleep Quality!

Posted on October 6, 2012 by | 7 comments

Does sleeping longer really benefit us throughout the day? Most of us have been told that lots of sleep is necessary to function at our best, but there really haven’t been any findings that show more than 7 or 8 hours of sleep causes you to function well or to function even better than normal compared to sleeping 6 or 7 hours. Not many  people realize the importance of the amount of time that is actually needed for the brain to refresh itself and the habit of sleeping at the right time along with waking up at the right time.  I argue that sleeping longer does not improve cognitive and body functions, but sleeping with a consistent schedule and good sleep quality is better for the body and brain.

Sleep quantity is important, especially in the time the brain needs to refresh itself through different stages. Sleep can be characterized into four stages and rapid eye movement (REM). The first stage is where the body is in between consciousness and unconsciousness and theta activity is between 3.5 and 7.5 Hz. The second stage is where eye movement ceases, and brain waves slow down. The third stage is when the brain starts producing delta waves. By the fourth stage, the brain pretty much just produces delta waves exclusively.

Fig.1 The different cycles of sleep. (Photo by Marshal Brain)

After the fourth stage, the body is now in REM sleep, usually referred to as deep sleep. During REM sleep, breathing becomes more rapid and the eyes jerk rapidly in different directions. It is also during this time that the quantity of sleep is very important because the brain and body is rejuvenating itself. But is it wise to think that, because brain and body need lots of time to rejuvenate itself, oversleeping is justified?

According to the American Sleep Association (ASA), the average amount of sleep for adults usually fall in the range of 7.5 to 8.2 hours of sleep; however, there are variations where others may need as little as 5 or 6 hours to function just as well.

YouTube Preview Image Neurologist talks about getting good quality sleep (from MercySacramento)

Mercy Medical Group neurologist and sleep specialist Alan Shatzel shares that efficient and quality sleep is very important, and the reason why people are sleep deprived even when they do sleep some 8 hours is because there are various factors that are interfering with their sleep.

Fig. 2 Sleep deprivation is bad for your job and health.

An article from the Journal of Psychosomatic Research looked at the sleep quality vs. the sleep quantity between college students. What the study showed was that sleep quality was better related to health, feelings of tension, anger, anger, fatigue, and confusion. This study not only shows that sleep quality is more important than sleep quantity, it also shows that sleep quality with a consistent schedule is necessary for better performance.

From my own experience, university is tough and in order to do well, there are times when I have skipped several nights of sleep just to review more material. However, whether I did well or not, I would always feel very unsatisfied afterwards; not because of the test, but because I would be getting headaches and other pains. Even after sleeping for 10 hours just to make up for lost sleep, I would still feel horrible and tired.

Therefore, I would strongly advise everyone that whether you have an exam tomorrow or a big presentation in a few weeks, the best strategy for doing well is sleeping with  consistency (~7-8 hours per day) along with good quality sleep!

-Daniel Liao

Sources:

Pilcher, J.J., D.R. Ginter, et al. “Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students.” JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC RESEARCH . 42.6 (1997): 583-596. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399997000044>.

http://www.sleepassociation.org/index.php?p=whatissleep

 http://www.helpguide.org/life/sleeping.htm

 http://www.happynews.com/living/sleep/rem-sleep.htm

Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufl1jraYtjc&feature=related

Images:

http://www.ideachampions.com/weblogs/archives/2012/09/since_1986_i_ha.shtml

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/sleep1.htm

 

7 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Science in the News

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Increasing a Kids Height with Human Growth Hormone

Posted on October 1, 2012 by | 11 comments

In today’s image-conscious society, researchers have concluded that people are often treated differently based on their height. Specifically, children that are short in stature have reported that they are constantly teased, whereas taller individuals have reported that they are well respected among their peers.

To help boost their confidence, numerous vertically challenged children are undergoing growth-hormone treatment to increase their height. There is a steady increase of children being prescribed the main drug in this treatment, as the number of prescriptions of this drug has increased from 19,000 to 23,000, from the years 2007 to 2011.

The children undergoing this treatment are referred to as idiopathic short stature patients (ISS). ISS patients are deemed as being the shortest 2% of the population. Males are projected to reach an adult height of 5’3 and females a height of 4’10. These short heights have no correlation to deficiencies such as low growth hormone levels, or diseases such as turner syndrome that are related to below average height. In Canada, growth hormone treatment is only available for medical reasons and not cosmetic. Therefore, parents cannot simply ask for this treatment just because they want there child to be a few inches taller. The doctor must deem their child as being a suitable candidate.

For ISS patients to undergo the growth hormone therapy, the synthetic lab made growth hormone Humatrope, which was approved by Health Canada in 2006, must be used.

The side effects of Humatrope are very low. The most common side effects are: headaches, muscle pain, joint pain, high blood sugar, and hypothyroidism. In my view, the benefits of the drug out way the common side effects.

The video below from King5 news provides a child, parent, and a doctors view on benefits of growth hormone therapy and describes how the benefits out way the risks.

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So exactly how does Humatrope work?

When Humatrope is injected it acts like normal growth hormone in the body. Growth hormone is hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and then quickly converted in the liver into Growth Factor- Type 1 or simply IGF-1. IGF1 is what causes the height growth in children. The height increase in children is attributed to the fact that IGF-1 stimulates bone growth and cell reproduction.

Effects of Growth Hormone- IGF-1 increases bone size. / Source: Vanderbilt University

Overall, I believe that growth hormone therapy using Humatrope is a great way to help short children grow. Someone who I knew from high school had a wheat allergy and was very short in stature. He was often picked on for being short. He decided to undergo this treatment and within a year he had grown to the height of many of the other students without any side effects. Ultimately, I believe this treatment will help many kids that suffer negatively from their short stature as my friend did, and will help give them an extra boost in their confidence.

Mandip Parmar

 

11 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Science in the News

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Are Dental and Medical Schools worth it?

Posted on September 30, 2012 by | 6 comments

Many science undergraduate students build up a great resume over the course of 4 plus years to apply to professional schools such as dental or medical schools. However, many of them do not realize the reality of debt they will be in after graduation. The tuition fee for a lot of these professional schools are increasing at an incredible pace, which results many asking, “Is it worth it?”.

Dental schools are among the most expensive professional schools to attend. According to Top Ten Nation, University of Southern California School of dentistry (USC Dentistry), the tuition fee alone is $61,953 per year. However, most students do not get accepted to their choice of dental schools which most likely are in-state-schools thus they will need to add living expenses. The tuition and living expenses together can escalate into almost double the tuition fee. USC for example adds up to $95,467/year. Some others include NYU $93,745/year, UPenn $82,928/year, BU$83,369/year, and Tufts $79,431/year. Medical schools are also among the most expensive professional schools. Published under U.S. News Education,  the tuition alone for Tufts stands at $54,578/year, Temple $54,218/year, and Columbia of $52,659/year.

Even with the huge debt most dental and medical graduates will carry, most undergrad students are led to believe the debt will be paid off in a short amount of time. However, this belief can have serious consequences in their future. Many students are forced to borrow money from the government to pay for their education. As an example, during the 2007-2008 year, 65.6% of 4 year-undergraduate students, graduated with $23,186 in debt. According to ADEA, the average debt for newly graduates of dental school in 2006 was $124,700 to $174,241. Medical school graduates aren’t far off as among 112 medical schools, 2010 graduates averaged $145,020 to $204,000 in debt. If a student with more than $20,000 in debt choses to go to dental or medical school, that debt increases dramatically. Let’s not forget the interest that comes along with the borrowed amount. It is not uncommon to see a newly dental or medical graduate with a staggering $400,000 plus debt.

Data from American Dental Education Association (ADEA) shows the uphill increase on average debt of dental graduates over the span of 16 years

The annual median salary of dentists (DMD or DDS) is $153,290. The lowest 10% earning $55,250 per year while the upper 10% taking over $166,400 per year. The average salary of a medical physician (MD) ranges from $126,329 to $211,357. This is a very comfortable amount to live off however, if you factor in the house, monthly utilities, car payments, and other basic necessities to live, it will take many years just to pay off the debt.

A career in dentistry or medicine can be a very rewarding and meaningful profession. However, one should really think about what his or her reasons are before entering the long road in becoming a dentist or a medical physician. If living lavishly with a Mercedes or BMW after graduation is the only reason, then the end result might be disappointing.

Below is a documentary on Youtube by username EXoMARTRIXTV, on student loan crisis in the US (10:40 relates specifically to this topic) :

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-Ryan Song

video used: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ww4m8GUK69E

 

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Posted in Science in the News

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