What exactly are genes?
A gene is a segment of DNA located on specific areas of the chromosomes that functions to control the production of proteins and directs the activities of cells. Every person has two copies of each gene; one copy comes from the father, and the other from the mother. Genes determine an individual’s characteristics such as hair color, eye color, and even ones athletic abilities. Specifically, genes have a large influence over strength, muscle size, muscle fiber composition, lung capacity, and flexibility.
Diagram of a gene. Showing a gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome. Source: J.Craig Venter Institute
Moreover, research indicates two specific genes, ATCN-3 and the ACE gene, have a very close relationship to the athletic performance of an individual.
What is the relationship between the ATCN-3 Gene and athletic performance?
The ATCN-3 gene is responsible for producing a protein called α-actinin-3. This protein is found in fast-twitch muscle fibers. The main function of this protein to generate intense muscle contractions during high velocity movements such as sprinting and weight lifting. There are two variants of the ACTN-3 gene. One is the R variant and the other is the X variant. Power athletes usually have the R variant whereas endurance athletes have the X variant. Moreover, researchers have concluded that every Olympic level power athlete has a minimum of one copy of the ACTN-3 gene, and that it is impossible for someone to achieve top ranks in power sports without the gene. Also, another specific gene that determines an individual’s athletic potential is called the ACE gene.
This video by GeneTechPI explains in more detail the influence of ACTN-3 on physical performance:
What is the relationship between the ACE Gene and athletic performance?
The basic function of the ACE gene is to regulate the rate of blood that flows throughout your body. The way in which this is accomplished is by first activating a hormone called angiotensin. Once this hormone is activated, it regulates the constriction of the blood vessels, and hence regulates the rate of blood flow. Individuals that have this gene are better endurance athletes, and respond a lot better to endurance training due greater efficiency of blood flow regulation. Moreover, two variants exist, called the I and D variants. Rowers and long distance runners usually have the I variant, whereas power athletes like sprinters and weight lifters have the D variant.
So without the right genes, is it still possible to become a really good athlete?
With proper training and nutrition, you can get to a certain level but in the end genetics determine if you are capable of being an superstar athlete. It has been concluded by researchers that roughly 20-80% of athletic performance is related to genes. In fact, many Olympic level coaches believe that genetic testing should be an important component of the selection process in order to choose the very best athletes for their teams.
-Mandip Parmar
