Category Archives: Biological sciences

Marius the Giraffe: In Loving Memory

This past weekend, Marius, a healthy two-year old giraffe was shot, dissected, and fed to the lions at the Copenhagen Zoo in Denmark. A horrendous act for what? The zoo claimed it was protecting the breeding program associated with the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). The zoo stated their actions were merited as this giraffe had genes too similar of the herd. Their reasoning was that it would increase the negative effects of inbreeding. Could the zoo or EAZA have done something to prevent the slaughtering of this perfectly healthy giraffe?

Marius the Giraffe (Imgur: hdow)

Breeding programs have been implemented in zoos world wide with a common goal to preserve global biodiversity especially for endangered or rare species. An important consideration is the genetic composition of the animals that are in captivity. If the animals are too genetically similar, inbreeding can occur and negative effects can become prominent in the population. Just like with humans, inbreeding, or incest, happens when you conceive a child with a close relative such as your cousin or your sibling. The child may have an increased mortality rate and a higher rate of being disabled. Mother nature has a way of making sure this rarely happens in the wild.

This phenomenon is called “inbreeding depression”. Offspring are more susceptible to be born with diseases and mutations resulting in decreased fitness. Fitness refers to the ability of the organism to survive and successfully produce healthy offspring. The most recent research on inbreeding depression in mammals discovered that it significantly impacts birth weight, survival, and reproduction.

Giraffes in the wild (Wikipedia)

Breeding programs, such as the one implemented by EAZA, aim to retain reproductive fitness while increasing genetic diversity, and overall growing the population. This means, they must have measures that prevent animals from becoming too genetically compromised. In the case at the Copenhagen Zoo, their standard operating procedures are elimination by death.

YouTube Preview Image

CNN reports on Copenhagen Zoo’s decisions 

Many other zoos were willing to pay to take the giraffe to prevent the slaughtering. Even a petition with 20,000 signatures was not enough to stop this event from happening. EAZA’s rules and regulations do not allow other zoos to take animals that aren’t a part of their breeding program. Perhaps it is time for a review of this archaic practice.

Dissection of Marius (Imgur: Snailoid)

From an ecologist’s perspective, other options should have been considered. Why not look into cross-continent breeding programs? It would increase genetic diversity with a lower chance of inbreeding while expanding the gene pool. However, shipping animals across continents is expensive and may not be a viable option. Retrieving gametes, sperm and ova, from another population would also increase genetic diversity within that population, with a potential lower cost.

The carnage of Marius the giraffe seemed rash and other options could have been considered. What was even more disturbing was how they let the children watch the so-called educational portion of their program.

Something needs to change before another Marius fiasco ensues.

Written by Danielle Marcoux

Other sources:

Move over, 3D Movies. 3D Printing is the New Trend.

Do you remember the quote “You wouldn’t download a car”? It was the message that accompanied the dark, serious commercial on piracy. But with the wonders of technology, something like that is actually possible as silly as that sounds. How? 3D printing.

3D printing has been around since the 1980’s but has really started to take off more recently in the 2010’s due to a reduction in price and availability of the 3D printer. Although the 3D printer shares its name with the commonly used 2D computer printer, they are fundamentally quite different as the 3D printer prints out material in layers, one over another. Due to the versatility of the 3D printer, science has been utilizing 3D printers in a wide variety of ways, and this progressive stance has made an impact on many fields.

Regular 3D Printer (Photo by: Eva Wolf, Source: WikimediaCommons)

One example of science’s venture into 3D printer comes in the form of medical science, as 3D printer allows for the creation of things like the human liver. Obviously, the 3D printer doesn’t just magically make a kidney appear out of nowhere, so how does it do it? The San Diego Company, Organovo has been making a great deal of progress on it, and they are doing this by printing out a mass of human cells which can be thought of as the ink. These human cells cluster to form structures, before adding another layer. These layers eventually fuse to form the 3D shape of the organ.  Although that description is a bit simpler than what actually happens, it gives a brief idea of how it is done.

YouTube Preview Image

Another way science has been utilizing 3D printers is in a field like marine-ecology. 3D printers are capable of recreating coral reef that can be placed into damaged marine ecosystems. These artificial coral reefs provide a source of habitat and helps improves the health of marine life there. This is exactly what is happening in the region of the Persian Gulf, an area where overfishing has been negatively impacting the ecosystem there. The use of artificial reef is bringing back balance back into the area.

Coral Reef (Photo by: Nick Hobgood Source: WikimediaCommons)

Those two examples give just a quick glimpse of what 3D printing can do and although it isn’t too widespread at the moment due to the price and the tech of the 3D printer. Over time, as price decreases and tech goes up, 3-D printing will continue to make its mark on science.

– Jeffrey Chen

Flu Virus

Flu is a common name for influenza, an infectious disease found in mammals and birds, caused by the RNA viruses. Its symptoms include sore throat, runny nose, headache, fever, coughing, and chills. The two modes of transmission for flu include the air through sneezes or coughs, and direct contact through touching contaminated surfaces or nasal secretions and bird droppings. Disinfectants, sunlight and detergents can inactivate the flu virus. Occasionally, pneumonia may develop as a result of flu, either viral pneumonia that is direct or bacterial pneumonia that is secondary. A common sign that flu is developing into pneumonia in both children and adults is when the flu patient seems to be recovering but starts having trouble in breathing or with high fever. However, sometimes flu is confused with an illness like common cold.

Flu spreads in seasonal epidemics leading to severe illnesses and deaths every year. Three flu epidemics occurred in the 20th Century, having been caused by a new virus strain in humans leading to millions of deaths. Most commonly, the strain occurs when the virus spreads form animals to humans. It occurs when new genes from pigs’ or birds’ virus are picked up by human strains. However, there are three common types of influenza that include influenzavirus A, influenzavirus B, and influenzavirus C. Each of these genus have on species, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, and influenza C virus.

Picture of ducks (Source: commons.wikimedia.org)

Influenzavirus A is naturally hosted by wild aquatic birds but the same is spread to other bird species causing a severe outbreak in domesticated poultry. This may be subdivided into serotypes depending on the response of antibodies to the virus. In humans, the confirmed serotypes that cause deaths include H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H1N2, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H10N7, and H7N9. Influenzavirus B is not as common as influenzavirus A and it infects humans exclusively. However, the only animals known to be susceptible to this flu virus include the ferret and the seal. Influenzavirus B mutates twice to thrice slower than influenzavirus A. Also, it has less genetic diversification, with one influenza serotype. Influenzavirus C is found in pigs, humans and dogs and sometimes causes local epidemics and severe illnesses. It is not as common as other types of influenza viruses with a mild cause of the disease among children.

CDC scientist transferring H7N9 (Source: commons.wikimedia.org)

Therefore, since the modes of transmission for the flu virus include the air through sneezes or coughs, and direct contact through touching contaminated surfaces or nasal secretions and bird droppings, it is advisable that good personal hygiene should be maintained. The hygiene habits include frequent washing of hands, avoidance of touching the mouth, nose and eyes, avoiding contact with patients, avoiding spiting, the use of gloves and face masks when taking care of patients, avoiding smoking as it raises risks of infection, and surface sanitizing.

Image

Catch-and-Release rather than Catch-and-Kill!

The research team angles Tiger Shark up to the boat to begin samples.

It is obvious that any kind of living animal would respond to stress through catch-and-release fishing. Scientists at the University of Miami (UM) Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science investigated how several species of coastal sharks respond to these stresses as a result.

The five shark species being experimented on through catch-and-release fishing were the hammerhead, blacktip, bull, lemon and tiger sharks. This was taken place in South Florida and Bahamian waters. Researchers took blood samples to examine stress, including pH, carbon dioxide and lactate levels, conducted reflex tests, as well as used satellite tags to look at their post-release survival.

The blood lactate levels of sharks were hugely affected due to them resisting to be caught, which is similar to what happens to humans during intense or exhaustive physical exercise. This is linked to mortality in many species of fish. The study showed that the hammerhead exhibited the highest levels of lactic acid build out of all five species, followed by the blacktip, bull, lemon and tiger sharks. The study even showed that after release, hammerheads were prone to delayed mortality. Hence, the hammerhead sharks are more sensitive than the other sharks whereas tiger sharks can withstand or recover from even the minimal catch and release fishing a lot better.

This study not only shows the different effects on catch-and-release fishing on the different types of sharks but also conveys that it is not guaranteed that all of these species would survive from the encounter even if it swims away from the area. This has serious conservation implications because those fragile species might need to be managed separately, especially if we are striving for sustainability in catch and release fishing.

Many of the shark populations worldwide are declining due to overfishing. In order to conserve this population, the process of catch and killing is now slowly being switched to catch and releasing. Therefore this study helps fisherman make informed decisions on which sharks make good candidates for catch and release fishing, and which do not, such as the hammerheads.

 

Yuri Tomura

Continue reading

Video

World’s Scarcity: Social Aspects of Human Cloning and A Need For a “Financially Motivated Animal Cloning”

Video: First Human Embryo Cloned

Triggered by the Scottish scientists’ successful cloning of a female sheep called Dolly – the first mammal to be cloned – human cloning has become a contemporary phenomenon drawing comparisons to natural creation of humans. Immediately, debates on the ethical issues about cloning and numerous researches on further social implications associated with human cloning rose. Nevertheless, many scientists and technologists advocated the “immorality” of human cloning and, therefore, research funding in the need for human cloning have been denied and blocked in many countries. Numerous misconceptions about cloning rose by the science fiction: cloned humans will exactly be the same as their genetic donors. This is not true, since, although cloned humans are born with the same genes inherited from their partners, their environments in living, their history and experiences will determine what they become in the future.

cloned dolly    source :animalresearch.info

 

There are both advantages and disadvantages to the practice of cloning. Jessica  in “The Advantages and Disadvantages in Cloning” argues that not only does cloning give benefits to modern medicine, but it also helps infertile couples and reverses the aging process of individuals. Moreover, cloning permits the study of genetic diseases and indeed genetic development more generally. Specifically, cloning could help “carriers” of X-linked and autosomal recessive disorders to have their own genetic children without risk of passing on the disease. On the other hand, human cloning is also considered as a threat to genetic diversity and evolution. Humans already destroyed the natural evolution process by inventing all kinds of medicine; people who were supposed to die by nature are still living because they can extend their life by using unnatural chemicals in which most of medicines are made of.

 

While most of research papers discuss the ethics and consequences of human cloning, these paper analyses how cloning can be “financially motivated” for profit. There are two types of human cloning – Therapeutic and Reproductive. Therapeutic cloning involves the production of human tissues, thus organs, while reproductive cloning produces human beings. This paper specifically focuses on reproductive cloning – cloning of humans – and how human cloning is practiced as an investment on income and technology. Two steps are discussed: cloning human beings with improved ability and using the cloned individuals for purely financial reasons.

 

There is an economic incentive to clone for financial purposes. For instance, it is profitable when economically valuable animals that may be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars are cloned. Moreover, if top performers in the labour market have valuable genes, then cloning them will generate a lot of financial value. This continuing process of cloning individuals with intelligent genes will lead to improvements in technology and, later on, living standards, as well.

 

 

 

references

Jessica. “The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cloning.” Alternative Medicine and Natural Health. Web. 10 June 2011. <http://www.methodsofhealing.com/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloning/>

Reinhold, Sabine. “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning Humans as Well as the Ethical and Social Problems Involved in It!” Research Paper (Pre-University) (2002): 1-15. Print.

Harris, John. “Goodbye Dolly?” The Ethics of Human Cloning.” Journal of Medical Ethics 23.6 (1997): 353-60. Print.

 

Walking Dead Syndrome!?

Photograph: Lionel & Heidi (statelyenglishmanor) on flickr

With the second part of season four of  The Walking Dead premiering next week, It has got me thinking whether or not it is possible for someone to have similar characteristics of those we see in zombies: lifeless, brainless, and  decomposing.

Ever feel like you’re dead? Or imagine that you’re decomposing? If so, you might be suffering from Cotard syndrome. Cotard syndrome (or Cotard’s Delusion, also literally known as Walking Corpse Syndrome) – named after Dr. Jules Cotard (1840-1889) was a Parisian neurologist who discovered this  rare neurological condition in which one believes that they have lost their organs, blood body parts, or their soul, making them believe that they are dead.

Photograph: Sam Howzit on Flickr

“When I was in hospital I kept on telling them that the tablets weren’t going to do me any good ’cause my brain was dead. I lost my sense of smell and taste. I didn’t need to eat, or speak, or do anything. I ended up spending time in the graveyard because that was the closest I could get to death.” 

 A British man named Graham woke up one day and believed he was dead. The syndrome was agitated by severe depression (anxious melancholia) when he tried to take an electrical appliance with him to bath. He sought medical attention, and told the doctors that his brain did not exist anymore when he attempted suicide previously. The doctors found it hard to rationalize, as he was still breathing, talking and living. However it was different story on Graham’s end, he stopped wanting to talk to people, stopped wanting to eat, didn’t want to see people, didn’t find pleasure doing anything, even his addiction to cigarettes did not interest him anymore. It was a shock to the doctors that despite his intellect and his ability to talk and converse, his PET scans revealed that there was little to no activity in Graham’s frontal and parietal brain, this resembled that of someone in a vegetative state – talk about being the “walking dead.”

Graph produced by Cynthia Lung based on information from study by Charland-Verville et al., 2013: Read related article here

Not to worry, the Cotard Syndrome an extremely rare malfunction of the fusiform gyrus, a part of the brain that recognizes the face and the amygdala, a set of neurons that are shaped like an almond that process your emotions. Usually this syndrome targets people of an older age, however there are at least 7 other journal recorded incidences that resemble the Cotard Syndrome. The combination malfunction of these two processes make the person feel really disconnected with reality.  Currently there is no real cure to this syndrome treatment, the way to combat this would be to focusing on the symptoms of depression and loss of meaning to life with anti-depressants and anti-psychotics.

– Cynthia Lung

Pressure Cooking to Sustainability

If you’re a technology enthusiast, then you’ve certainly noticed the increase of interest towards new technology emphasizing on the use renewable energy and alternative fuel sources.  One such source is Algae, which researchers have managed to use to produce crude oil, a process which normally takes a million years naturally but achievable within minutes in a lab!

YouTube Preview Image

Researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have recently published a new study detailing their new process of creating crude oil from a slurry of algae. The new process consists of pouring a mixture of water and algae into a reactor, which is essentially a giant pressure cooker extracting the oil from the algal lipids to produce crude oil in less than an hour. Byproducts of this process include a mixture of water and phosphorus which can be recycled to produce more algae. Previous attempts at producing crude oil from algae required species containing high lipid concentrations and drying them in order to extract the oils within. This process pioneered in the 1970’s was not popular due to its complexity and difficulty to produce.   The new process presents a much more efficient means of procuring  the sought after resource as it decreases the need for additional resources and time.

(source: flickr commons)

So why is the research on algal bio-fuel so exciting that it has even caught the eyes of mainstream media? Well, because of its ease of production, and potential as a source of renewable energy. The production of Algae, or Algaeculture is a growing field within the study of renewable energy. Algae as a species can grow almost anywhere and does not require fertile land to grow; Common algae species can contain up to 50 percent of oil and can be grown within a tank of water. This is efficient as Algae do not require much land to be grown and only require a source of light. Growing Algae can also be Eco-friendly as they are known to capture carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

Algae Photobioreactor (Source: Wikipedia Commons)

As the technology towards better renewable energy improves we may be able to see an increase in use and production of bio-fuel from algae. Once it is economical to do so, it is predicted that an area the size of new mexico can provide for the entirety of current U.S. petroleum consumption and unlike other potential bio-fuel sources like corn, it won’t need to occupy any fertile land at all!

– Felix Tang –