Author Archives: AlexB

Hybrids: the good, the bad, and the … natural?

What do you think about when you hear the phrase ‘genetically engineered crops’? Do you think they’re inherently bad because they’re not ‘natural’?

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Zebroid – hybrid of zebra and donkey.  Image from Wikimedia Commons

Well, maybe you should think twice before answering, because hybridization is a process commonly found in nature. Basically, hybridization is cross-breeding between two species with different genes. In animals it’s pretty distinct in appearance, but in plants the main changes are on a chemical level. These changes are what affects the taste, smell, or defence mechanisms of the plants. Therefore, people might find a useful application to them, as hybrids may be grown as crops with better qualities, such as stronger resistance against diseases and insects. That’s why researchers are interested in exploring the genes of various plants to find the benefits, which humanity can use.

How the mystery unveiled

Dr. Celine Caseys in her lab. Photo by Alex B.

Dr. Celine Caseys in her lab at UBC. Photo by Alex B.

For example, Dr Celine Caseys and her colleagues at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, examined the hybridization process between two types of trees from the Poplar family. Their methods involved collecting poplar leaves in three European regions and then looking for certain chemicals, responsible for defending trees from insects. More details on this research in the video below.

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Video: Benefits of Hybridization in plants by Henry Liu and Jan Jenko, Group 5

Practical use

The research revealed that hybrids are capable of creating better defence mechanisms by more efficiently producing chemicals against insects. This might have a practical application for productional growing of plants (like for biofuel) and, furthermore, for farming purposes, since the plants will require less pesticides, therefore growing crops will cost less. More on the benefits and potential drawbacks of hybridization in the podcast.

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Podcast: Benefits and drawbacks of hybridization by Alex Budkina, Group 5

As we learned from above, studying the effects of hybridization is really important, because despite all potential benefits, there are still some danger behind the artificial modification of genes, such as  endangering wild populations. Therefore, humanity must consider the  “ecological consequences”, according to Dr.Caseys, of creating genetically engineered plants. We still know too little about the process, so more studies of natural hybridization will help us to unveil the mysteries behind it.

~ Group #5: Alex Budkina, Henry Liu, Jan Jenko

Era of Teleportation is One Step Closer

Teleportation image from quantum-tech.ru

How many of you have heard about teleportation? I assume, this terminology isn’t new for a reader. Everywhere, starting from the sci-fi movies and finishing with the computer games, one may meet the variety of teleportation methods and devices.

The term “teleport” appeared as early as second half of 19th century and described as an “apparatus ‘by which man can be reduced into infinitesimal atoms, transmitted through a wire and reproduced safe and sound at the other end!’”

Through the time, several theories evolved on the possible teleportation methods, such as quantum teleportation, matter/energy conversion, extra dimensional teleportation, etcThe most progressive one and the most popular method is a quantum teleportation, when the exact state of the particles is transferred to another location rather than the matter itself. What does it mean? Instead of measuring and destroying an object and then reconstructing it by using a “printer”, the scientists send the information about the particles’ state from one side and put the particles on another side into the same state without replication via a pair of bounded in space particles. More scientific explanation of the process is in the video below (John Rarity, Physics World):

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The most fascinating part about quantum teleportation is that it recently became a possible reality not only for the world of quantum particles, but also for the “classical” world. Inspired by “beaming technology” of Enterprise from Star Trek and lead by Alexander Szameit from the University of Jena (Germany), the team of scientists encoded some information into a special form of a laser beam and successfully teleported it through the space. The transfer occurred without loss in time, which could be qualified as an instantaneous teleportation. How this experiment is different form the previous experiments with particles? Well, the light particles don’t belong only to the realm of the quantum particles. They also have the classical world properties, described in optics, which means the teleportation is potentially possible for the objects with the regular physical properties. The one current drawback, admitted Szameit, “with this form of teleportation, we can, however, not bridge any given distance.” That means in the nearest future people won’t be able to teleport the information on the long distances.

Despite all drawbacks, this breakthrough opens a real opportunity in teleportation not only the objects of the world of particles, but the objects of the classic world as well. And who knows, maybe within a couple decades a first life form “beaming” will occur.

~Alex Budkina

Future of the Solar Panels – Clear!

Solar panels on roof (Wikimedia Commons, author: Parker D)

Solar panels on roof (Wikimedia Commons, author: Parker D; cropped)

It’s, probably, hard to find a person who haven’t heard about the solar energy panels or solar batteries. Apparently, the solar market is one of the booming markets in North America, especially in the United StatesThe solar panels are used for telecommunicating and powering of many things, starting from the small households and vehicles and finishing with the giant power stations and spacecrafts. What new would we expect from the technology?

Appeared to be, there is one possible application of the technology, which is hard to achieve – a discrete integrating of the photovoltaic materials into the existing structures or the advanced technologies, like the smartphones. Here, I’m talking about the transparent solar panels. Noticeably, the majority of the solar batteries are dark coloured and solid, which allows them to harvest the maximum of the solar energy, but at the same time makes the installation possible mainly on the non-transparent surfaces. That’s why the scientists put their efforts to find a new solution for the transparent surfaces.

In the beginning, the existed technologies for the photovoltaic glass allowed the researchers to reach 60% of transparency with an efficiency of 2% . The later adoption of the perovskite semitransparent “islands” opened the new opportunities in integrating the solar panels into the transparent surfaces. However, despite the technologies above tried to solve a problem of discrete integrating, they were still not perfect due to visible distortion of the view and a low transparency rate.

Illustration from Near-infrared (NIR) harvesting transparent luminescent solar concentrators. Authors: Yimu Zhao, Garrett A. Meek, Benjamin G. Levine, Richard R. Lunt. Advanced Optical Materials Volume 2, Issue 7, pages 606–611, July 2014

At the same time, the team of researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started to work on the project with a key word  “transparent” for it, because, according to Richard Lunt, MSU’s College of Engineering, No one wants to sit behind coloured glass.” By 2014 they have developed a fully transparent solar concentrator, which could be embedded in any glass surface and transform it to a power source. As for the way it works, the organic luminescent salts absorb specific non-visible wavelengths of ultraviolet and infrared light, which they transmute into another wavelength of infrared light. This light falls onto the thin plastic photovoltaic strips, which convert it into electricity. The only drawback of such technology is the efficiency, which is currently being around 1%. However, the team of researchers hopes to bring it up to 10% in the nearest future.

An interesting video from MSU (Youtube.com):

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So, why is this invention is so important for us? Imagine to have an entire glass-covered multi-storey building as a power generator or to use your own phone/tablet as a charger! The best part is the ability to integrate such transparent panels into the existing structures without bringing any discomfort to people, such as a dimmed light or a distorted picture. That is, definitely, one of the big steps towards a brighter future!

~Alex Budkina

Howdy, Dr. Robot?!

Human health…. People spend tons of money to maintain

image from pixabay.com

Image from pixabay.com

their health in a good condition and even more when something goes wrong. Therefore, one would expect the accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment from the cohort of specialists available on the market nowadays, especially when it comes to the early stages of the most hardly detectable, but lethal diseases, like cancer. Till the latest time, there was no other alternative for the patients than to throw themselves into the hands of the most skillful, knowledgable, and experienced medical specialists in the field. But is it all shine and no rain?

According to a recent research, medical errors are on the third place among the all fatality causes in medical community. Among the main reasons are miscommunication, inability to keep track on the patients’s extensive medical history and history of drug consumption, and misreading the data patterns received from the tests. The latest peak of notorious cases occurred in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and related to the doctors who continuously misdiagnosed their patients with breast cancer and prescribed the unnecessary treatment or no treatment at all, when it was needed. The biggest issue there was lack of “quality control”, so, no one questioned or reviewed the diagnostic processes!

At the same time, the progress in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning brought to life several brilliant projects, which have a better accuracy in diagnosing patients than the doctors have. For instance, the IBM Watson Health system gathers different types of information, including the recognition of the medical images, into one immense database. From that, the “self-learning” analytical technology recognizes the patterns and makes more accurate predictions. In general, the machines are better in interpreting the patients’ symptoms and medical history. And it costs less money!

More on how the machines may “outsmart” people in the video below (Herbert Chase, MD, MA on TEDMED Day CUMC, Youtube).

Among the benefits of having machines, if not as “doctors”, but at least as the doctor’s “assistants”, are the better interpretation of the clinical tests, control over the prescribed treatment, ability to fast-track the possible negative reactions or, so-called, adverse effects, and creating a continuous medical history, which is easy to review. And that’s what the scientists at MIT Artificial Intelligence lab work at.

The only possible draw back is creating a sufficient “learning pool” for the

Bodymedia device collects data about the person’s activity and burnt calories. Image from flickr.com.

Artificial Intellect, as an enormous amount of data is required to predict the most possible outcomes. However, as the technological progress moves on, the problem of data collecting becomes less and less significant, as the personal wearable devices  open the new opportunities in this case.

As seen from above, new technologies are rapidly moving into the health industry. I hope, soon we all can step into the era where doctors and machines will work together for the benefit of society and where it will be no place for the medical errors.

~ Alex Budkina