Tag Archives: medicine

Special K to treat the Blues

Ketamine is a drug that was developed in 1962 and is commonly used as an anesthetic during surgical procedures in humans as well as in animals. However, like most drugs, ketamine made its way into the party scene during the 90s due to it’s hallucinogenic as well as dissociative effects (alter a person’s perception of reality). Furthermore, it also became notorious for being a date rape drug and was eventually classified as a Schedule III drug.

A vial containing ketamine.

A vial containing ketamine. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

In an interesting turn of events, ketamine is now undergoing clinical trials for its potential use in the treatment of depression. Depression itself is a debilitating condition with approximately 121 million people globally affected by it. The same drug that was being used as a date rape drug is now being used to treat depression?!

Yes! Ketamine therapy is being used to treat patients with severe major depression who don’t respond to traditional antidepressant medication. The treatment consists of giving a low dose of ketamine to the patient. The most common way to administer ketamine is by injecting it or by intranasal (smelling it) use. The positive effects in mood can be seen within 24 hours and can last up to ten days. This is one of the biggest advantages of using ketamine because the effects are noticeable immediately compared to traditional antidepressants which can take up to several months to work.

A typical neuron. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

A typical neuron. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Depression is a multi-faceted disorder with several causes, one of them being a reduction in synaptic connections – the area between two neurons. For example, picture a neuron being a tree during spring, with many branches and leaves. When depression comes along, that tree now looks shrivelled up with bare branches and no leaves. Introduce a bit of Special K at low doses, and it converts our sad looking tree into a healthy tree once again. In other words, the synaptic connections are restored. The exact mechanism behind this is still unknown and being investigated.

Like with any other treatment, ketamine therapy also has a few side effects. When patients are first given a dose of ketamine they experience dissociative effects which are only temporary. Another down side of ketamine treatment is cost. The effects of ketamine treatment are short lived so patients often have to get regular infusions and since insurance does not cover the cost of treatment, it can get expensive; a single dose can cost anywhere from $525 to $800.

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Courtesy of The Doctors

Furthermore, many opponents are concerned about the possibility of patients developing an addiction to ketamine. The dose used in clinical trials is well below the dose used by recreational users so it is very unlikely for the patient to develop an addiction. The future of ketamine therapy in treating depression looks promising and further studies should explore the long term effects of it before it becomes a standard in treating depression cases that don’t respond to traditional therapy.

Harnoor Shoker

Nanotechnology: The Tools of Tomorrow

I’m certain some of you remember back to an old ‘Magic School Bus’ episode where Ms. Frizzle shrinks the class on an adventure to see Arnold’s digestive system. While the method would probably not be practical, the idea of using micro-sized machinery to enter the human body system definitely is.

Enter: Nanobots!

Molecularpropeller

Molecular Nanotechnology. Source: Wikimedia Commons (by: Petr Král)

In the past, ideas like the PillCam was one of the pioneers for nanotechnology in medicine. In the current age,  nanotechnology is the current fad with new innovations coming out each year. By being able to send robotics one-thousandth the size of your hair to do complex tasks, we pave a new path for science. However, what’s more amazing are the applications that this futuristic technology can bring to healthcare.

 

Using Nanobots to Battle Cancer

Dr. Ido Bachelet of Israel developed nanobots made entirely of DNA which he said it could be used to combat cancer. These nanobots would follow the traits of the immune system and actively find and destroy cancer cells, but would not harm able-bodied cells.

The DNA nanobots model after white blood cells and flow through the bloodstream, looking for signs of cancer by examining proteins on the surface of cells. If cancerous surface proteins are found, the nanobots deliver a lethal dose of drugs and effectively kill the cell. After, these nanobots will naturally degrade as DNA.

Results have already been found as these nanobots successfully eliminated the cancerous cells out of a mixture of healthy and cancer cells, while leaving the healthy cells unharmed. Human trials are expected to be underway.

Here is an interesting video of Dr. Bachelet talking about his research:

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‘DNA Origami’ – A New Drug Delivery System

Another application of nanotechnology is the creation of ‘DNA origami’ by Dr. Paul Rothemund of Caltech. His invention allows for nucleotides to make complex shapes for many purposes. One such purpose is a drug delivery system, which has many benefits as it’s of the molecular scale.

drug delivery

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9OAKXlPsDw (by: Emmanuel Ho)

Kurt Gothelf of Denmark has made a box out of DNA origami in which he hopes would be able to store drugs and sufficiently deliver them inside a cell.

A team of scientists in China has also tested DNA origami as a carrier for drug delivery for cancer therapy as being both efficient and safe.

This is only the tip of what nanotechnology can provide for us. Besides healthcare, it also has significant research in energy, cleaning water systems, warfare (such as stopping wounds immediately), etc.

With this fast expanding industry on the horizon, we’ll surely see the problems of today become something of the past.

 

Henry Liu

 

 

Howdy, Dr. Robot?!

Human health…. People spend tons of money to maintain

image from pixabay.com

Image from pixabay.com

their health in a good condition and even more when something goes wrong. Therefore, one would expect the accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment from the cohort of specialists available on the market nowadays, especially when it comes to the early stages of the most hardly detectable, but lethal diseases, like cancer. Till the latest time, there was no other alternative for the patients than to throw themselves into the hands of the most skillful, knowledgable, and experienced medical specialists in the field. But is it all shine and no rain?

According to a recent research, medical errors are on the third place among the all fatality causes in medical community. Among the main reasons are miscommunication, inability to keep track on the patients’s extensive medical history and history of drug consumption, and misreading the data patterns received from the tests. The latest peak of notorious cases occurred in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and related to the doctors who continuously misdiagnosed their patients with breast cancer and prescribed the unnecessary treatment or no treatment at all, when it was needed. The biggest issue there was lack of “quality control”, so, no one questioned or reviewed the diagnostic processes!

At the same time, the progress in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning brought to life several brilliant projects, which have a better accuracy in diagnosing patients than the doctors have. For instance, the IBM Watson Health system gathers different types of information, including the recognition of the medical images, into one immense database. From that, the “self-learning” analytical technology recognizes the patterns and makes more accurate predictions. In general, the machines are better in interpreting the patients’ symptoms and medical history. And it costs less money!

More on how the machines may “outsmart” people in the video below (Herbert Chase, MD, MA on TEDMED Day CUMC, Youtube).

Among the benefits of having machines, if not as “doctors”, but at least as the doctor’s “assistants”, are the better interpretation of the clinical tests, control over the prescribed treatment, ability to fast-track the possible negative reactions or, so-called, adverse effects, and creating a continuous medical history, which is easy to review. And that’s what the scientists at MIT Artificial Intelligence lab work at.

The only possible draw back is creating a sufficient “learning pool” for the

Bodymedia device collects data about the person’s activity and burnt calories. Image from flickr.com.

Artificial Intellect, as an enormous amount of data is required to predict the most possible outcomes. However, as the technological progress moves on, the problem of data collecting becomes less and less significant, as the personal wearable devices  open the new opportunities in this case.

As seen from above, new technologies are rapidly moving into the health industry. I hope, soon we all can step into the era where doctors and machines will work together for the benefit of society and where it will be no place for the medical errors.

~ Alex Budkina