Category Archives: Science in the News

Endangered Giant Pandas

Posted on February 22, 2016 by | 3 comments

The giant panda, also known as panda, is a bear that originated from South Central China. They are known for their iconic black patches around their eyes, ears, and their body. Pandas are treasured in China, and also used as the national symbol of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). On average, a giant panda weighs from 220-330 pounds, and the adults are able to grow to more than four feet. Bamboo makes up 99% of Panda’s diet. They must eat from 26 to 84 pounds of it everyday; they also tend to consume meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion. They are the rarest of the bear family, and live in bamboo forests, in the mountains of western China.

GiantPandaEatingBamboo

http://redpandanetwork.org/red-panda-facts-vs-giant-panda-facts/

Pandas are known to be terrestrial animals, and spend most of their times wandering around the forest, eating bamboo, and climbing trees. Each panda has its own territory, and the females mostly do not tolerate other females around them. The brief interaction pandas have with one another is during mating season, after which the male leaves the female to raise the cub alone. One unique trait of the panda is their wrist that acts as thumbs that help them hold the bamboo as they bite into the bamboo whith their strong teeth. Though pandas are known to be gentle animals, at times, they to tend to attack humans. It is presumed that these attacks are because of irritation and not aggression. Life span of a panda is around 20 years in the wild. Unfortunately they are in the danger of going extinct.

image

http://www.sichuanadventure.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/image.jpg

Because pandas reproduce infrequently, they are classified as endangered animals. They are coming close to being extinct, with only 1,864 in the world remaining. One of the reasons that pandas are endangered is because of habitat destruction. Since the population of China continues to increase and grow, their habitats are being taken over and are forced to live in smaller and riskier areas. Habitat destruction also causes food shortages. Pandas feed on different types of bamboos that grow at different times of the year. Once a specific type of bamboo is no longer around, pandas are left with nothing to eat which later on leads to starvation. Pandas play a crucial role in the bamboo forests, by spreading seeds and helping the growth of vegetation to area and habitats of many different other animals. The panda is an important attraction of China’s economy and by saving them, China can bring huge benefits to communities through ecotourism.

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Khashayar Noroozzadeh Rahimi

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Posted in Biological Sciences, Science in the News

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Clean Water Crisis

Posted on February 22, 2016 by | 1 comment

Some people view a glass as half full, and others see it as half empty, but sometimes the water is just too dirty for it to matter.  Flint, a city nestled between three of the Great Lakes in Michigan, is facing a critical water crisis causing serious concern amongst the residents. In a city that already has a 13.6 year lower life expectancy than the rest of the Michigan state,  solutions and action are needed immediately.

A water sample study, carried out by Virginia Tech, revealed alarmingly high levels of lead, with readings ranging from 200 parts per billion (ppb) to 13,200 ppb. To understand the magnitude of these findings, let’s take a look at the recommendations and effects of lead.
According to the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality, the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of lead is 10 ppb, while the Environmental Protection Agency has a lead concentration regulation of zero in drinking water, as there is no safe lead consumption level. Therefore, Flint’s water samples exceeded the MAC by 20 to over 1,300 times!

Clean drinking water is an essential part of our lives

Clean drinking water is an essential part of our lives. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

As a result, the citizens of Flint have been exposed to dangerously high levels of lead, which cause toxicity and a long list of health problems. No body system is spared from lead poisoning, as severe damage to the kidneys, joints, bone marrow, and cardiovascular system is debilitating and permanent. Additionally, the digestive and urinary tract, brain and nervous system, and reproductive organs are also highly susceptible to irreversible damage.
The video below contains a brief overview of what occurs when lead is ingested.

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Courtesy of YouTube Video: Discovery Channel’s “HowStuffWorks”

Perhaps even more concerning, is the vulnerability of a child’s body to lead ingestion. Since lead tricks the body into thinking it is an essential element (such as calcium, for example), a child’s absorption is four to five times higher than that of an adult. In fact, a study published in December, 2015, found the levels of lead in children’s blood to have doubled in concentration compared to the levels recorded in 2013 in Flint residents under the age of five. In addition to the effects previously mentioned, a child can also suffer from delays and disturbances in development, both physically and mentally, such as a low IQ.

Evidently, the water in Flint is not suitable for drinking, and according to pediatricians involved in the care of patients in this area, only time will tell the full extent and consequences of this massive lead contamination. Ensuring that successful, cost-effective, and easily-implemented water treatment systems are available and functioning at acceptable standards is clearly a crucial aspect to the well-being and health of a community.

 

Kerrie Tsigounis

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Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

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Antibiotics aren’t always the answer

Posted on February 21, 2016 by | 6 comments

Have you ever gone to the doctor’s clinic and asked for a prescription of antibiotics to treat a cold, a sore throat, or a flu? Did your doctor agree and willingly provide you a prescription? In both instances, you probably shouldn’t have asked and your doctor should have probably refused.

Antibiotics are the most commonly prescribed drugs and are praised for their life saving abilities. However, according to the Centres for Disease and Prevention (CDC), 50 % of the time they are poorly prescribed. This has resulted in the rising emergence of antibiotic resistance, which has been described as a global health crisis by the World Health Organization.

Antibiotics

Image Courtesy of: Flikr Commons

Antibiotics, first used in the 1940’s, are strong medicines used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria in order to subsequently treat bacterial infections. Bacteria can cause infections such as:

Although antibiotics are powerful medicines, they are ineffective against illnesses caused by viruses. A few examples of common illnesses caused by viruses are:

It is best advised to just allow most viral infections to run their course and to allow your own immune system to kick in and fight the infection.

However, one may ask, “why not just take antibiotics just to be on the safe side?” The problem with this is that the overuse of antibiotics, especially when they are not the approapriate treatment, promotes antibiotic resistance. This term is synonymous with bacterial resistance, in which bacteria are no longer inhibited by an antibiotic to which they were previously sensitive to. The video below provides an excellent explanation as to how antibiotic resistance arises.

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YouTube video courtesy of: TED-Ed

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are harder, take longer, and are more costly to treat. In the worst-case scenario, no antibiotic will be available, resulting in a life-threatening bacteria strain. In fact, according to the CDC, “at least 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections.”

Exercise caution and be sure to talk with your doctor when determining whether antibiotics are the right option for you. Remember, only take antibiotics if absolutely necessary!

Thanks for reading.

 

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Concerns About Nuclear Fusion

Posted on February 21, 2016 by | 1 comment

Nuclear fusion is not usually subject to ethical scrutiny, since it promises to replace fossil fuels and nuclear fission as the main power source. It is much cleaner and safer. However, there are concerns.

There have been some major advances in the field of nuclear fusion last week. If you don’t know much about the subject, I recommend you watch the video bellow before reading the articles.

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The theory behind fusion has been understood for nearly a century, and controlled reactions have been achieved as early as 1950’s. But all those experiments required more energy than they produced, making them useless for power generation. However, this changed recently, when scientists in Germany successfully operated a fusion reactor that they say is able to produce net energy gain. Further, just last week, researchers at MIT made important discoveries about how the hot plasma behaves inside the reactor.

JET fusion reactor in England. The torus is designed to hold the heated plasma suspended in air, without touching the walls. Source: Flickr, by aglet

JET fusion reactor. The torus is designed to hold the heated plasma suspended in air, preventing it from touching the walls and thus losing heat.
Source: Flickr, by aglet

 

Now, to the ethics part. What could possibly be ethically controversial about a power source that does not pollute our atmosphere with carbon and does not produce radioactive materials, that is safe and practically limitless? Well, it’s the fact that it’s not limitless.

Like Dr. Cowley, I worry about the Sun swallowing the Earth when it expands. Another realization that struck me very hard was the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The entropy of the universe is constantly increasing and so even if we get off of our planet in time, there will come a day when all the universe is in thermodynamic equilibrium, at which point no life will be possible. And although these events are billions of years away, they worry me. I don’t understand why. I know there is nothing we can do about them and I hope that, despite our best efforts, I’ll be dead by then.

What we can do something about is the first thing Dr. Cowley talked about, our consumption of natural resources. And what fusion is, is the consumption of Earth’s most precious resource: water. They tell us that there is enough water on Earth to last 30 million years, but obviously, we can’t use all of it. Even if the only thing we care about are our own anthropocentric little selves and let all other life on Earth perish, we can’t use 100%. We probably couldn’t even use 50% and I don’t think we should use any, because the process of fusion is irreversible. As a source of energy, it is completely unrenewable (which even fossil fuels are, to some degree).

I understand, it is the lesser evil, but it is an evil nevertheless. It is a treatment of symptoms rather than the cause, which is simply that we use too much. What we should focus on, is reducing our consumption, which we will eventually have to do anyway, be it now or in 30 million years. We should reduce our consumption so that renewable sources (wind, solar) would suffice. Or better yet, we should all go live in the woods and be merry. 🙂

– Jan

 

 

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Posted in Issues in Science, Science in the News

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Future of the Solar Panels – Clear!

Posted on February 8, 2016 by | 4 comments
Solar panels on roof (Wikimedia Commons, author: Parker D)

Solar panels on roof (Wikimedia Commons, author: Parker D; cropped)

It’s, probably, hard to find a person who haven’t heard about the solar energy panels or solar batteries. Apparently, the solar market is one of the booming markets in North America, especially in the United States. The solar panels are used for telecommunicating and powering of many things, starting from the small households and vehicles and finishing with the giant power stations and spacecrafts. What new would we expect from the technology?

Appeared to be, there is one possible application of the technology, which is hard to achieve – a discrete integrating of the photovoltaic materials into the existing structures or the advanced technologies, like the smartphones. Here, I’m talking about the transparent solar panels. Noticeably, the majority of the solar batteries are dark coloured and solid, which allows them to harvest the maximum of the solar energy, but at the same time makes the installation possible mainly on the non-transparent surfaces. That’s why the scientists put their efforts to find a new solution for the transparent surfaces.

In the beginning, the existed technologies for the photovoltaic glass allowed the researchers to reach 60% of transparency with an efficiency of 2% . The later adoption of the perovskite semitransparent “islands” opened the new opportunities in integrating the solar panels into the transparent surfaces. However, despite the technologies above tried to solve a problem of discrete integrating, they were still not perfect due to visible distortion of the view and a low transparency rate.

Illustration from Near-infrared (NIR) harvesting transparent luminescent solar concentrators. Authors: Yimu Zhao, Garrett A. Meek, Benjamin G. Levine, Richard R. Lunt. Advanced Optical Materials Volume 2, Issue 7, pages 606–611, July 2014

At the same time, the team of researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started to work on the project with a key word  “transparent” for it, because, according to Richard Lunt, MSU’s College of Engineering, “No one wants to sit behind coloured glass.” By 2014 they have developed a fully transparent solar concentrator, which could be embedded in any glass surface and transform it to a power source. As for the way it works, the organic luminescent salts absorb specific non-visible wavelengths of ultraviolet and infrared light, which they transmute into another wavelength of infrared light. This light falls onto the thin plastic photovoltaic strips, which convert it into electricity. The only drawback of such technology is the efficiency, which is currently being around 1%. However, the team of researchers hopes to bring it up to 10% in the nearest future.

An interesting video from MSU (Youtube.com):

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So, why is this invention is so important for us? Imagine to have an entire glass-covered multi-storey building as a power generator or to use your own phone/tablet as a charger! The best part is the ability to integrate such transparent panels into the existing structures without bringing any discomfort to people, such as a dimmed light or a distorted picture. That is, definitely, one of the big steps towards a brighter future!

~Alex Budkina

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Posted in Science in the News, Uncategorized

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Zika virus, the next big pandemic?

Posted on February 1, 2016 by | 8 comments

Recently, there has been a lot of talk in the media about the new disease, Zika. Words seen in association with Zika tend to be “deformed brain in babies”, “mosquitos”, “south America” and “pregnant women”. But how does this all connect and with illness causing symptoms that seem very mild why is it becoming such a big deal recently?

Transmission & Symptoms

Zika virus is transmitted through mosquitos that are active during the day time. Specifically, the type of mosquitos that carry the disease are the Aedes genus of mosquitos that are known to carry other viruses such as dengue. The mosquito gets infected with the virus from biting an infected person and begins to spread the disease. Other methods of transmission include from mother to child during pregnancy, and through sexual contact.

mosquito in genus Aedes- transmitter or Zika virus

Mosquito in genus Aedes– transmitter of Zika virus. Image from wikipedia

When a person gets infected with the virus, he or she may show symptoms such as fever, joint pain, rash or redness of the eyes. Other common symptoms include headache and muscle pain, but most people show no symptoms at all. Studies show that only 1 in 5 people infected with Zika virus will become ill so it is very hard to prevent the spread of disease since it is likely that infected people will not seek medical attention.

So why is this such a big problem?

With such mild symptoms and cases rarely resulting in deaths, why is this illness becoming such a big deal? To most people it may not be a big concern but the threat it poses on pregnant woman is worrisome. Although not proven, Zika is thought to be linked to a birth defect called microcephaly, which is when the infant is born with an unusually small head. This irregular development leads to problems after birth such as seizure, developmental delay and even death. Brazil previously reported 150 cases per year but since October 2015 to January 2016, there has been a dramatic increase in microcephaly reported. An alarming number of 4,000 cases just in those 4 months.

baby with microcephaly (left) compared to typical baby head size. Image from wikipedia

Baby with microcephaly (left) compared to typical baby head size. Image from wikipedia

What now?

To prevent this virus from spreading further, WHO has declared Zika virus a Global Health Emergency. This means that resources will be put into more research for vaccine against this virus, for prevention of infections especially for pregnant women and for mosquito control to stop the virus from spreading. In addition, people should exercise caution when travelling to the countries where Zika has been reported by wearing long sleeves and pants outside. Also women who are pregnant or are considering getting pregnant sometime in the near future should postpone their travel to South America since no vaccine has been discovered. With the Brazil Olympics coming up, WHO estimates that up to four million cases of Zika virus are to be expected by the end of this year and there is a high chance that transmission could be happening in the Unites States very soon.

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video by World Health Organization

Alana Lee

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Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

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You Shall Not Pass – Breaking the Blood-Brain Barrier

Posted on February 1, 2016 by | Leave a comment

The blood-brain barrier is a protective covering that surrounds the brain and prevents contaminants, pathogens and other toxins from entering the brain. Sounds amazing, right? Yes! It’s the brain’s own defence mechanism to protect itself, however it can come in the way when trying to treat brain disorders like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s or even brain tumours.

Blood Brain Barrier. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Blood Brain Barrier. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

Well, the problem is that the barrier only allows certain molecules such as water, glucose, lipid soluble molecules and some gases to pass and enter the brain. When designing drugs to combat brain diseases, researchers must find ways to bypass the blood-brain barrier which isn’t as easy as it seems. The cells that make up the barrier are tightly clustered together making it nearly impossible for drugs to enter into the brain.

In order to overcome this problem, researchers in Toronto designed a technique that was a breakthrough in breaking the blood-brain barrier. The technique, which has not yet been named, is currently being tested on patients with brain tumours. The first step in this technique is to administer a dose of a chemotherapy drug and also inject the patient with microbubbles which are smaller than red blood cells. The microbubbles and drug travel to the brain and come face to face with the blood-brain barrier. The patient is then placed in an MRI machine and the exact location of the tumour is identified.  Once the tumour has been located, ultrasound waves are emitted to that specific region causing the microbubbles to vibrate really fast.

Courtesy of Newswise

These vibrations cause the tight junctions of the cells that make up the blood-brain barrier to loosen up, creating a small passage for drugs to pass through. Once the ultrasound waves stop, the microbubbles are reabsorbed by the lungs and the passage which forms closes within a six to twelve-hour window.

Current techniques being used to penetrate the blood-brain barrier are invasive and not as targeted as this technique. If researchers can find a way to bypass the blood-brain barrier in a non-invasive manner, it will change therapeutic approaches to treating brain disorders. Like any other procedure which involves opening the blood-brain barrier, there are risks associated with this technique as well. The blood-brain barrier remains open for several hours after the initial procedure is done and during this time toxins and other contaminants can enter the brain through that passage. This technique is currently undergoing clinical trials but if it proves to be effective it can revolutionize the way we treat brain diseases.

YouTube Preview Image Courtesy of Sunnybrook Hospital

Harnoor Shoker

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Posted in Biological Sciences, Science Communication, Science in the News

Ocumetics’ Bionic Lens: Prefect vision for everyone?

Posted on January 31, 2016 by | Leave a comment

Are you suffering from poor vision? Do you ever complain about wearing eye glasses because they may ‘ruin’ your look? Have you ever imagined there would come a day to have perfect vision?

Recently, a new bionic eye lens named The Ocumetics Bionic Lens has got a lot of attention in media. This lens was developed by Dr. Garth Webb of Ocumetics Technology Corporation, who has dedicated his professional life to finding a way to improve and correct human vision regardless of patients’ eye conditions. This new bionic lens is able to correct human vision at all distance and give patients approximately three times vision enhancement for an entire lifetime. See the following YouTube video for a brief description of this new bionic lens.

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These specialized lenses are beneficial because they offset the risk of acquiring cataracts. This is because your eye’s natural lenses, which tend to deteriorate over time, have been replaced by these super stable bionic ones. In addition, compared to laser eye surgery, which involves corneal reshaping to improve visual acuity, this new bionic lens is perfectly safe; it does not cause any physiological changes to the eyes or other side effects that laser surgery may have, such as inflammation, astigmatism and decreased night vision.

How does it work?

According to Ocumetics’ website, this remarkable lens can be implanted into human eyes via a painless and outpatient surgery without anesthesia and hospitalization. The operation only takes 8 minutes, aiming to replace the eye’s natural lenses with the bionic ones. Ten seconds after the surgery, the bionic lenses unfold and wrap up over your eyes on its own, immediately correcting a patient’s impaired vision.

This remarkable lens looks like a small button. Image from www.cbc.ca

Is it affordable?

Dr. Webb claims the cost of the surgery is around 3000 dollars per eye. Is it overpriced? Compared to the laser eye surgery, which costs around 2000 dollars per eye, a total cost of 6000 dollars for lifelong perfect vision seems quite cheap for what is involved. In fact, this surgery may cost less than eye glasses or contact lenses in the long run because the new bionic lenses do not need to be replaced as often. Also, as the product and the technology become more mainstream in the market, the price will eventually go down.

Who can benefit from it?

The company is currently performing clinical trials on animals and blind human eyes. If the product was clinically approved to be able to cure blindness, it would be a great news for the blind. Also, for those people who are unhappy with wearing corrective lenses, this new bionic lens can provide them a better option in terms of cost, vision correction and ease of use.

Ying Yu

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Nanotechnology: The Tools of Tomorrow

Posted on January 25, 2016 by | Leave a comment

I’m certain some of you remember back to an old ‘Magic School Bus’ episode where Ms. Frizzle shrinks the class on an adventure to see Arnold’s digestive system. While the method would probably not be practical, the idea of using micro-sized machinery to enter the human body system definitely is.

Enter: Nanobots!

Molecularpropeller

Molecular Nanotechnology. Source: Wikimedia Commons (by: Petr Král)

In the past, ideas like the PillCam was one of the pioneers for nanotechnology in medicine. In the current age,  nanotechnology is the current fad with new innovations coming out each year. By being able to send robotics one-thousandth the size of your hair to do complex tasks, we pave a new path for science. However, what’s more amazing are the applications that this futuristic technology can bring to healthcare.

 

Using Nanobots to Battle Cancer

Dr. Ido Bachelet of Israel developed nanobots made entirely of DNA which he said it could be used to combat cancer. These nanobots would follow the traits of the immune system and actively find and destroy cancer cells, but would not harm able-bodied cells.

The DNA nanobots model after white blood cells and flow through the bloodstream, looking for signs of cancer by examining proteins on the surface of cells. If cancerous surface proteins are found, the nanobots deliver a lethal dose of drugs and effectively kill the cell. After, these nanobots will naturally degrade as DNA.

Results have already been found as these nanobots successfully eliminated the cancerous cells out of a mixture of healthy and cancer cells, while leaving the healthy cells unharmed. Human trials are expected to be underway.

Here is an interesting video of Dr. Bachelet talking about his research:

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‘DNA Origami’ – A New Drug Delivery System

Another application of nanotechnology is the creation of ‘DNA origami’ by Dr. Paul Rothemund of Caltech. His invention allows for nucleotides to make complex shapes for many purposes. One such purpose is a drug delivery system, which has many benefits as it’s of the molecular scale.

drug delivery

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9OAKXlPsDw (by: Emmanuel Ho)

Kurt Gothelf of Denmark has made a box out of DNA origami in which he hopes would be able to store drugs and sufficiently deliver them inside a cell.

A team of scientists in China has also tested DNA origami as a carrier for drug delivery for cancer therapy as being both efficient and safe.

This is only the tip of what nanotechnology can provide for us. Besides healthcare, it also has significant research in energy, cleaning water systems, warfare (such as stopping wounds immediately), etc.

With this fast expanding industry on the horizon, we’ll surely see the problems of today become something of the past.

 

Henry Liu

 

 

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Hospitals: More Dangerous Than You Think?

If someone suffered a heart attack or was involved in a car accident, the first place we would turn to is the nearest hospital, right? It happens almost every day; someone is carried into the ER on a stretcher and leaves smiling, walking on their own two feet. Generally, hospitals are perceived to be a safe place of medical assistance, treatment, and recovery, however, there is growing data to suggest that a stay in the hospital may actually come with risk.

Health care-associated infections (HAI), also called nosocomial infections (from the Greek word nosokomeíon, meaning hospital), are classified as infections that occur during a hospital admission and up to 3 days after discharge. They are a growing cause of lengthened hospital stays, medical complications, and even death in patients. In fact, it is estimated that these infections rack up a cost of one billion pounds for England’s National Health Service and over $35 billion for U.S. hospitals.

The intensive care unit (ICU) has one of the highest rates of HAI. Courtesy of Wiki Commons

The intensive care unit (ICU) has one of the highest HAI rates.
Courtesy of Wiki Commons

In 2011, the United States had almost 722,000 cases of HAI, ranging from surgical site infections to pneumonia. The Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program also found an increase in the incidence of a specific bacterium, called C. difficile, from around 42 cases per 100,000 in 1992 to 160 per 100,000 in 2003. Additionally, the severity and reoccurrence also spiked, with more severe outcomes recorded, including perforated large intestines, shock, and death.

A common misconception is that only the elderly are at risk for HAI due to their weaker state of health. This is untrue, as studies find increasing numbers of these infections in children’s hospitals, maternity wards, and in the young adult population. A study published in 2014 found a more than triple increase in incidence of flesh eating disease, known as necrotizing fasciitis, in pregnant women that were admitted to hospital for delivery over the past decade. Children also experience a high prevalence of HAI, with the highest percentages recorded in intensive care (19%) and transplant units (27%).

So what can be done?
Unsurprisingly, poor hand washing has been attributed to 40% of infection transfers in hospitals, thus focusing on improving hand hygiene habits can have a positive impact. Increasing compliance of wearing protective accessories including gloves, masks, and aprons is also critical. As well, creating a system that immediately isolates patients who have contracted a severe infection is key to prevent further spreading.
Careful attention to sanitation must also be emphasized, as it was found that an antibiotic-resistant bacteria that attacks the intestinal tract can also be transferred between patients through the use of  thermometers.

The issue of HAI is a global problem, however it is not all doom and gloom when it comes to the future of patients’ well-being. Much research is currently underway to find new methods to decrease the prevalence. Take a look at the video below from the Mayo Clinic, where they tested the effectiveness of UV light disinfection. They found an impressive 30% decline in C. difficile infection in the UV-treated rooms!
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Kerrie Tsigounis

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Posted on January 25, 2016 by in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

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