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There are certain forms of infinite series that are frequently encountered in mathematics. The following example
for constants and is known as the geometric series. The convergence of this series is determined by the constant , which is the common ratio.
Theorem: Convergence of the Geometric Series |
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Let and be real numbers. Then the geometric series
converges if , and otherwise diverges. |
Proof
To prove the above theorem and hence develop an understanding the convergence of this infinite series, we will find an expression for the partial sum, , and determine if the limit as tends to infinity exists. We will further break down our analysis into two cases.
Case 1:
If , then the partial sum becomes
So as
we have that
.
Hence, the geometric series diverges if r = 1.
Case 2:
A short derivation for a compact expression for will be useful. First note that
The second equation is the first equation multiplied by . Subtracting these two equations yields
Using this result, we see that:
- if , then as n → ∞, sn → a/(1-r)
- if , then as n → ∞, sn → ∞
- if , then the series is divergent by the Divergence Test (which we cover in a lesson in Unit 2)
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Next: Geometric Series Example