Author Archives: william lee

Global Warming: A Death Wish for Fish

Posted on April 14, 2021 | Leave a comment

After a study done in 2020 using computer simulations, Dr. William Cheung and his team from the University of British Columbia found a concerning fate for our fish: as a result of increased ocean temperatures, the fish populations in the northeast Pacific Ocean are predicted to decline significantly by 2050.

The Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Credit: CruiseExperts, cruiseexperts.com

We take for granted how large and beautiful our oceans really are. They are full of life, and house over 2 million different species of animals ranging from the beautiful coral reefs in Australia, to the largest animals ever discovered. However, imagine if the oceans were empty, and life no one longer existed underwater. Sadly, this is becoming a reality, and according to marine expert Dr. William Cheung, we are headed straight in this direction.

Continued global warming resulting from our emissions has caused the temperature of surface ocean waters to steadily increase. These rises in temperature have led to a doubling of marine heatwaves, or periods of extremely high temperatures in ocean waters, since around 1982 (as seen in the graph below), in turn significantly affecting all marine life, especially fish.

Large Recent Increases in Marine Heatwaves
Credit: Climate Central, climatecentral.org

Dr. Cheung not only identified patterns of current decline in fish populations as a result of marine heatwaves, but has predicted significant future decline as global warming continues. In fact, Dr. Cheung predicts that populations of common fish species such as sockeye salmon will decrease by more than 40% by 2100. These predictions are based on the assumption that we do not change our current emission trends, which does not have to be the case.

You might not think this, but you, me, and every single person on this planet plays a part in our global warming problem. Everyday decisions such as driving your car can contribute to global warming and have downstream effects in marine environments, as described in the video below.

Although there are new policies tackling climate change, and large progressions made in the right direction, according to Dr. Cheung, this is still not enough. He says,

“We really need to pick up the pace and accelerate the actions against climate change.”

So what can I do to help?

Fixing a global problem like climate change requires global contributions, and it starts with all of us. Although it might be true that your changes alone wouldn’t stop climate change, if all 7.6 billion people on the planet made one small positive change, the effects would be enormous. The TeamTrees podcast below highlights the many different ways we can start protecting the future of our oceans now.

Thank you to freesound.org (Robinhood76, SomeoneCool15, Simon_Lacelle, Votichez, Sentuniman) for providing the sound effects used in our podcast.

If we are to save the fish and the rest of marine life from these increasingly prevalent marine heatwaves, we need to act now.

~SO Group #3: William, Jessica, Balkaran, Adam

Stress in Allergy Alleviation

Posted on March 28, 2021 | 4 comments

For most people, springtime means plenty of fresh air, pretty blooming flowers, and beautiful colours; however, for the other 30% of the population (including myself), springtime means runny noses, watery eyes, constant sneezing, and itchy skin among many other symptoms – those affected by seasonal allergens like pollen are far too familiar with some of these. If only there was something effective and cost-efficient that could help alleviate our allergies.

Common Allergy Symptoms
Credit: Bioresonance, bioresonance.com

With allergy season approaching just around the corner, usually at the start of spring, some of us may have already started experiencing these symptoms. Those with seasonal allergy, or allergic rhinitis (hay fever), have probably tried many strategies to help manage their symptoms. Some opt for over-the-counter medications, while others opt for lifestyle changes like tightening cleaning regimens, replacing air filters, or even avoiding outdoor activities where airborne allergens are more common. Although these strategies may work for some, they are costly and take up excess time.

Treating your Seasonal Allergies
Credit: Beaumont, beaumont.com

How does an allergic reaction happen?

Before we start to understand why a new allergy-alleviating strategy might work, we need to first explore how seasonal allergens actually cause an allergic response.

seasonal allergies Examples of Seasonal Allergens
Credit: HealthJade, healthjade.net

Let’s take tree pollen as an example. During springtime, trees will start to release their pollen as airborne particles. Sometimes, these particles enter through our nose, and our body incorrectly tags them as dangerous foreign substances. Our first reaction would be to sneeze in an attempt to rid the nasal cavity of these particles. The tree pollen can also stimulate mast cells, our body’s defending cells, to release a compound called histamine that travels through our body to various sites. Histamine is responsible for causing runny noses, watery eyes, and all the other symptoms of seasonal allergy. Essentially, pollen allergy is our body overreacting to these airborne foreign substance. The entire process is drawn in more detail below (0–1:45 min).

Why Do Some People Have Seasonal Allergies (0–1:45min)
Credit: Eleanor Nelson TedEd, youtube.com

So what can I do to relieve my symptoms?

New research shows that decreasing allergy symptoms may be as simple as decreasing our stress. Dr. Yamanaka-Takaichi at the Osaka City University has found that during times of stress, there is an increase in the size and number of mast cells – the same cells that produce histamine during our allergic reactions. When we are stressed, our body releases CRH, a stress hormone that promotes our mast cell to multiply. An increase in mast cells directly correlates to an increase in histamine, and leads to stronger allergic reactions.

What this means for us is that de-stressing can actual help alleviate some of our allergy symptoms. Although it may not completely rid us of our allergies, it has shown to decrease the severity of allergic reactions in some patients.

Like Dr. Yamanaka-Takaichi says, next time your allergies act up, remember

“Relieve your stress, relieve your allergies.”

~William Lee

4 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Science in the News

Tagged Allergic Rhinitis, Allergies, Allergy, CRH, discovery, hay fever, pollen, research, Seasonal, spring, stress

A ‘Viral’ Testing Kit: ID Now COVID-19

Posted on March 8, 2021 | Leave a comment

THE PROBLEM

Every single one of us can help control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Whether we’re humming “Happy Birthday” twice every time we wash our hands, or facetiming our friends instead of meeting up, we can all adopt changes that will help us get back to our normal lives sooner. Another thing we can do is to get tested, should we suspect COVID-19 infection.

When to get tested for COVID-19
Credit: BC Centre for Disease Control, www.bccdc.ca

Getting tested is easier said than done. It’s an inconvenient drive-in, followed by a period of self-isolation until results come back, which can take up to four days.

Besides just being tedious, this lengthy processing time has other concerns. A study found that patients infected with COVID-19 are most infectious within the first five days of initial symptoms. If results aren’t coming back soon after testing, they become less effective at stopping the virus right in its tracks.

THE SOLUTION

This is where Abbott Laboratories steps up! Having already developed reliable testing tools for influenzas A&B, strep A, and respiratory syncytial virus, it was only a matter of time before COVID-19 testing apparatuses were developed. In early 2020, Abbott developed the ID Now COVID-19 Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Test, and launched for distribution in the US after receiving approval for emergency use from the FDA that year in March. Shortly after, Health Canada provided approval of use in October 2020.

NO IMAGE Abbott’s ID Now COVID-19 Test
Credit: abbot.com

This Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Test takes nasal swabs from individuals, and amplifies the viral ribonucleic acid (essentially a COVID-19 nametag) hundreds of millions of times until it’s detectable by their system. What’s more, this impressive amplification process is done is a matter of minutes, and test results are returned within 13 minutes – hence the term rapid! The entire process is summarized in this short video from Abbott.

How ID Now COVID-19 Works
Credit: Abbott, www.youtube.com

It’s normal to have some doubt when the current gold standard testing protocol in Canada (RT-PCR) takes 6–8 hours.

Abbot’s clinical trial on 1003 subjects reported a similar accuracy using their ID Now machine compared to current lab PCR testing. This study was done in a controlled clinical setting, so these results are not representative of the real world.

Dr. Gary Procop, a director of virology at the Cleveland Clinic, found that ID Now missed up to 15% of COVID-19 cases in infected patients, that other tests were able to catch! He states that “just because we need something put out emergently, doesn’t mean we should put out something that doesn’t work appropriately.” In a response, the FDA stated that they will continue to track these tests and take action if necessary. Check out more of the interview below.

Questions About Accuracy of Coronavirus Tests
Credit: CNN, www.cnn.com

This is Abbott’s response to the ‘rapidly’ changing world. They have provided frontline workers with rapid testing, but whether or not they can combat COVID-19 as quickly as their tests do remains a question.

~William Lee

A ‘Viral’ Testing Kit: ID Now COVID-19

THE PROBLEM

All around the world, new COVID-19 testing centres are constantly being opened in response to the growing number of victims. These testing centres provide information about one’s diagnosis, but often through a stressful and lengthy experience. Testing centers around Canada experience wait times of up to 2 hours, and usually requires a minimum of at least 48 hours before results become available. This is a problem.

COVID-19 Testing Centre in North Vancouver
Credit: Jane Seyd, www.nsnews.com

Besides just being tedious, this lengthy processing time has other concerns. The Director of Abbott, Norman Moore describes it:

“You’re the most infectious early on—and if we don’t have results in that timely fashion, what does it help if a molecular test comes back two weeks later?”

THE SOLUTION

This is where Moore and his team at Abbott steps in. Having already developed reliable testing tools for influenzas A&B, strep A, and respiratory syncytial virus, it was only a matter of time before COVID-19 testing apparatuses were developed. In early 2020, Abbott developed the ID Now COVID-19 Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Test, and launched for distribution in the US after receiving approval for emergency use from the FDA that year in March. Shortly after, Health Canada provided approval of use in October 2020.

NO IMAGE Abbott’s ID Now COVID-19 Test
Credit: abbot.com

This Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Test takes nasal swabs from individuals suspected with COVID-19, and exposes the viral RNA packed under the outer envelope of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in an acidic solution at 56⁰ C. Just as it is written in the name, it then takes the viral RNA and amplifies it hundreds of millions of times until it is detectable by the system, and what’s more this impressive amplification process is done is a matter of minutes, and test results are returned within 13 minutes.

A Typical Nasal Swab
Credit: U.S. Pacific Fleet, www.flickr.com

It’s normal to have some doubt when the current gold standard testing protocol in Canada (RT-PCR) takes 6-8 hours on average. We can compare the accuracy of an ID Now diagnosis to PCR lab tests by considering sensitivity and specificity.

Sensitivity measures the proportion of people with COVID that are correctly identified
Specificity measures the proportion of people without COVID that are correctly identified

Abbot’s clinical trial on 1003 subjects reported an average sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 98.4%. This is comparable to a separate meta-analysis on lab PCR testing which determined an average sensitivity of 98%, and no reported specificity. Note that these numbers are dependent on many factors, and are often higher than what is seen in the real world. This shows that ID Now can be an effective solution to rapid testing, but that results should be taken as preliminary and confirmed with other molecular assessments if results are not consistent with one’s symptoms.

This is Abbott’s response to the ‘rapidly’ changing world. They have provided frontline workers across North America with rapid testing, but whether or not they can combat COVID-19 as quickly as their tests do remains a question.

~William Lee

Author Archives: william lee