Category Archives: Uncategorized

Plastics: Why They Are Bad, and a New Plant-Based Solution!

From water bottles to cigarette butts to straws, plastic has become an important asset to many of the products and appliances that we use today. However, with the huge influence that plastic has on the manufacturing industry, comes the potential destruction of the environment. Luckily, a study conducted by Mecking and others discusses the invention of a new plant-based plastic that can potentially fix this problem!

why are plastics bad?

Most of the plastics that are used today are manufactured from petroleum, which is a fossil fuel that is formed when dead organisms are broken down throughout millions of years. Then, petroleum is converted into a type of material that is unrecognizable by the organisms that normally break down products like petroleum. This results in plastics that decompose very slowly, or do not decompose at all. These plastics tend to accumulate and end up in landfills and incinerators, or even worse, dumped into the environment.

“Plastic Ocean” by Kevin Krejci is licensed with CC BY 2.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

what about recycling?

There are two types of plastics that need to be addressed. The first type is thermoset plastics. These are plastics that are not recyclable. The second type is thermoplastics. These are plastics that can be melted into smaller parts and re-formed into different plastics. This is the process that we call mechanical recycling. However, every time these plastics are recycled, their quality starts to decrease. In fact, a piece of plastic can only be recycled 2-3 times before it reaches a point where it can no longer be used!

plant-based plastic to the rescue

A solution to this imperfect recycling procedure is to utilize a new recycling method known as chemical recycling. This is a process that breaks down plastics at the molecular level, which can then be used to create other materials without a decrease in quality.

Check out the video above by CNBC for more information on chemical recycling!

 

In Feb 2021, a paper was released in Nature by Mecking and others, discussing the invention of a new plant-based type of plastic. Rather than using fossil fuels such as petroleum, this type of plastic is composed of plant oils. This plastic can utilize chemical recycling at a much more efficient rate than what is originally possible.

Normally, chemical recycling of fossil-fuel-composed plastics requires a lot of energy; temperatures above 600 degrees Celsius are required and only 10% of the plastic can be utilized for other materials. In comparison, their new plant-based plastic only needs to heat to around 250 degrees Celsius and can utilize up to 96% of the original material!

Stefan Mecking, the lead author of the study, acknowledged in an interview in the Academic Times, that their new plastic would have a hard time competing with the cheap cost of ethylene. Hopefully, with further refinement, Mecking and his team will be able to lower the price point of their plastic to a level that is suitable for the plastic industry.

– Aaron Yoon

Methane Reduction and the Magic of Mushrooms

When you think of the mushroom species Ganoderma lucidum, more commonly referred to as Reishi, what do you think of? A delicious food? A health fad? Well it may surprise you to know that beyond everyday consumption, Reishi mushrooms have a high potential for impacting our atmospheric conditions. A recent study done by researchers at the University of Minnesota examines certain fungus’ ability to capture and filter methane, and its impact on the current climate crisis.

Reishi Mushrooms. Source: Pixabay

Why is methane a problem? 

Methane, a greenhouse gas, is one of many chemicals that contributes to the rise of global temperatures. It has many sources, both biological and man-made, the most common being agricultural practices, wetlands, and transportation of coal and natural gas. While most research is being done to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (another problem greenhouse gas), it is just as important to address methane emissions. In the first two decades of release, methane can be up to 84% more potent than carbon dioxide. The potency of the gas directly relates to how much heat is being trapped in the atmosphere. Methane is incredibly effective at absorbing heat, which is what makes the chemical so detrimental to atmospheric conditions. 

How do Reishi mushrooms help?

While there are currently other organisms that can break down methane, removing it from the atmosphere, there is one critical way that Reishi stands out:

In order for Reishi to degrade methane, the gas does not need to travel through any kind of biofilm (a layer of bacteria or other organisms), which decreases the total time needed for degradation.

The cells that make up fungal structures, called hyphae, are able to extend and grow deep within the soil and other environments. When nutrients are detected, they travel through the hyphae until the desired location with the fungus is reached. There is a specific special protein, called hydrophobins, which is found on the exterior of the hyphae, and is responsible for trapping gases (such as methane). Once trapped, the gas is transported within the fungus and is degraded as needed. 

The following video is a great introduction to general fungi (mushroom) structure and function (Source – Don’t Memorize):

The researchers who conducted the study found that Reishi mushrooms that are grown outside of the soil have a better removal rate, compared to those in the soil, where natural microbes may out-compete the mushrooms for nutrients. Shockingly, the researchers found that even dead fungi had some function at removing methane from the surrounding air.

Hyphae. Source: Wiki Commons

It may not be fair to say that if we all go out and plant some Reishi mushrooms, the climate crisis will be solved tomorrow – but since there are so many personal benefits beyond environmental impact, there are no downsides to doing so! While there is still a need for more research to be completed, it can be comforting to know that there are solutions to global warming that can come from the most unlikely places.

– Madeline Filewych

From Recreational to Pharmaceutical – Promising Party Drugs in Research

Source: Unsplash.com

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, more commonly known as MDMA, ecstasy, E, M, or Molly, is an infamous psychoactive drug often associated with nightclub and rave scenes. Hours of partying are fueled by intense feelings of pleasure, emotional warmth, and an abundance of energy owed to this little pill with so many names. The negative stigma attached to recreational drug use has given MDMA a bad rep, but a team of researchers in California are repurposing this synthetic drug to treat anxiety in people suffering from life-threatening illnesses (LTI).

In one of the first clinical trials of its kind, Dr. Philip Wolfson and his team explored how using MDMA during psychotherapy sessions impacted anxiety levels. The team found that the study participants who took MDMA had improved mindfulness and a more positive outlook towards their traumatic experiences. Depression, sleep quality, and anxiety levels also improved, but these improvements couldn’t conclusively be attributed to the MDMA. The findings of this small pilot study suggest MDMA could still have potential to reduce anxiety associated with LTI and may also have positive long-term effects.

MDMA is only one of many drugs currently being researched for therapeutic applications. LSD, famously tested for mind control by the CIA in the 1950’s and 60’s as a part of the MK-ULTRA Program, shows potential for treating alcoholism and could also treat PTSD. Another psychedelic drug called psilocybin, the active compound in magic mushrooms, is being investigated to treat a myriad of mental health disorders: from depression, to anxiety, to OCD, to certain substance use disorders. A horse tranquillizer called ketamine, which doubles as a club drug, is being researched to treat depression and (so far) shows potential.

Although current studies show promising results, could the stigma surrounding hard drugs like MDMA and ketamine deter patients from taking them once/if they become approved for clinical use? Or would the existing stigma dwindle once they get a doctor’s stamp of approval? Or maybe it’s simply why the drugs are used that give recreational use a bad name. Whatever your beliefs and convictions, scientifically, hard drugs may have a place in medicine in the (potentially near) future.

Source: GoodRx.com

By Maya Bird

Welcome to SCIE 300 Blogging!

Welcome to the SCIE 300 course blog!

Here are some things to note before you start posting. First, you should read the blogging resources page in the Create menu. This will help if you’re new to using WordPress; you’ll find video tutorials about writing posts on this blog, adding media to your posts, tagging, and categorizing. You’ll also find a link to the grading rubric for your blog posts.

Next, check out the blogging guidelines. Here you’ll find the answer to the question: “What are we supposed to blog about?” You can also check out one of last term’s blogs for some additional inspiration.

There are a few important things to keep in mind when blogging. Please do not assume that just because something is online, it is OK for you to use it. For example, unless it is explicitly stated, an image on the internet can not just be copied, saved, and used in your own post without permission to do so. We’ve provided you with a lot more detail about properly using online content, but if you have questions, let us know.

This blog also contains a lot of resources for you. For example, also under the Create menu, there is a list of suggested software to use for your projects. We’ve also collected some writing and presentation resources. Basic audio/visual equipment can be borrowed from SCIE300. Contact the course coordinator for more info.

Under the Explore menu, you’ll find some sample podcasts and videos, links that may be of interest or assistance, a list of groups and associations related to communicating science, as well as a list of local museums and science centres. The Explore menu also contains a library resources page, which you should definitely have a look at. Finally, there is a bookshelf that lists relevant books that are on reserve for you in Woodward Library.

Let us know if you have any questions about the blog or would like to see any other resources made available. Or, if you find something that you think would be useful to the rest of the class, tell us, and we can add it to the resources. Better yet — write a post about it!

Happy blogging!

The Science 300 Team