Tag Archives: Brain science

Technological Advance: Resistance May Be Futile

Are you one of those smart phone users who simply can’t be parted from your phone, or one of those wifi junkies who travel from hotspot to hotspot simply looking for your next fix? Well there may be good news for you, as scientists from Duke University School of Medicine have been working on a way to mind meld humans with technology. That’s right, just like the Borg, you too could become one with machine and share a single consciousness with all of your friends! Okay, well maybe not just yet, but they’re certainly making advances in that direction.

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We are the Borg. Resistance is Futile. You will be assimilated.

Courtesy of ragokin via Youtube

That’s right all you Trekkies, resistance may soon enough be futile, as researchers from Duke have successfully linked a pair of rat brains. Using arrays of microelectrodes, researchers attached the motor cortexes of the two rat brains. This allowed the two rats to transmit and receive tactile and motor information to and from each other at will.

In their experiment, both rats were trained to perform certain tasks based on certain stimulus. The rats were then put into separate testing areas and connected via this brain linkage – one was only given the stimulus and the other was put in the response area. The experimenters ran a number of different tests; from making one rat push certain levers based on what light another was shown, to making one rat believe that it had detected infrared light, when there was no light source present. The results were astounding to researchers, as in their first test, the rats achieved a 70% success rate, which was only just slightly less than the maximum 78% success rate that the researchers had deemed possible. Although the experiments were all different, the results were all significant, showing that the rats were consciously communicating. Furthermore, it appeared that the communication was not a one-way street, but instead that the rats were responding to one another. This was indicated by slight changes in the rats’ brain function and behavior – a behavior believed to be as a result of a mutual and concerted effort.

To put all doubt to rest as well as to test the bounds of the connection, the researchers separated the two rats completely – not just in different testing rooms or different buildings, but on two completely different continents. The rat receiving the stimulus was put in Natal, Brazil and the rat performing the actions was put in Durham, N.C., USA. The connection was established using an Internet connection. Miguel Pais-Vera, PhD, was amazed that even despite the distance and the lag associated with Internet connections, the rats were still able to complete the tasks while maintaining a significant level of success. He continued by saying that this research was promising and that in time “it could be possible the create a workable, network of animal brains distributed in many different locations.”

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If not the Borg, it may be a bit closer to this.

Courtesy of Its me simon, via Flickr Creative Commons

– Brian Kahnamelli

Are You Afraid of The Dark?

Whether it’s insects, public speaking, physical harm, or heights, most people in this world are generally afraid of at least one thing. These fears can sometimes be minor, making us feel a little bit frightened while watching a scary movie, or walking home late at night, or they can be quite large, stopping us from doing certain things and forcing us to live extra cautiously.

However, there are a select few people who don’t feel fear the same way that normal people do. Individuals inflicted with Urbach-Weithe disease, a rare genetic disorder, experience a number of symptoms, most notably the hardening of certain brain tissues. Depending on what parts of the brain are affected by the disease, the symptoms can widely range, including epilepsy, mental retardation, and the inability to cry.

One specific case has procured the attention of a number of scientists and has played a role in directing their research. This case has been incredibly important in brain research, and appears to have addressed the root of human fear. A woman from Kentucky, U.S.A, who is known only as SM, who suffers from Urbach-Weithe is incapable of feeling fear. Her inability to feel fear is due to the effect of the disease on her amygdala, an almond shaped part of the brain, long believed to be the only reason for fear in humans.

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Highlighted red is the Amygdala.

J Hizzle via Flickr Creative Commons

Even though it was believed for years that damage to the amgydala would render someone “fearless”, a new study coming out of the University of Iowa suggests that these past studies may have been too narrow, and that fear may in fact be controlled by other parts of the brain along with the amygdala. The study focused on comparing the fear responses of three people with amygdalas affected by Urbach-Weithe disease to the fear responses of twelve people with no history of amygdala disease or damage. All participants were exposed to a gas mixture, which consisted of 35% carbon dioxide, which is known to create a panicked response in experiments.

The results astounded researchers, and generally rocked the foundations of scientists view the fear response in the brain. All three of the participants with Urbach-Weithe disease had immediate and panicked responses; their heart rates all rose, they all became incredibly distressed and they tried to rip off their gas masks. Shockingly, only three of the healthy twelve individuals experienced such panic attacks.

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Ellen shows us how scaring people is done.

zsuzsu19 via Youtube

This study is incredibly exciting, because it shows that a fear response may not be controlled singularly by the amygdala, but instead may be controlled by many other parts of the brain. It also shows that we might be able to give a good scare to those deemed “fearless”.

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A scary mask that some of you may recognize.

Bobbeyjazz via Flickr Creative Commons

 

Brian Kahnamelli