Communicating Science (14w112)

Collagen cannot be absorbed through skin!

Posted on October 7, 2014 by sunnys | 2 comments

The desire to stay youthful for many women has been consistent; hence keeping a youthful skin has also been a consistent concern. Thus it really disturbs me that the beauty market nowadays targets and takes advantage of these worries to sell skin products with false advertisements at shockingly expensive prices. FALSE advertisement, that’s right. Many different brands flaunt their new line of creams with this magical molecule “collagen,” which can apparently make skin plumped-up, smoother, and younger.

This is complete nonsense. It is a cold hard fact that collagen molecules are just too large to be absorbed through tiny pores of skin. It will have no benefits to skin when it is being applied in such way. Let’s take a closer look at collagen.

Collagen

Collagen itself is a protein present in all body’s organs and connective tissues and mainly functions to sustain tendons, cartilage, and skin. It provides firmness and elasticity to skin and thus making it true that increasing collagen levels in body will increase the chance of skin staying more youthful. This is the scientific reasoning behind those false advertisements.

However, it is critical to note that this is only true when we increase level of collagen by eating the right, healthy food or by taking collagen supplements, but not by applying those collagen-containing creams on our faces. Like I said before, collagen molecules are too large to be absorbed through the pores of our skin, and even if the skin could absorb them, we have to remember that collagens are proteins naturally made inside our body. They would be completely “dead” and inactive by the time we rub them onto the skin. The only reason why your expensive collagen cream feels nice is because it gives cream its consistency.

Let us not forget that including collagen in skin care products is just another way of marketing. This had been proven quite a while ago, but many still seem to be unaware of this. So remember this and do not waste your time and money on collagen-containing creams, everyone! Why don’t we all try eating more soy products, vegetables, and fruits instead?

By Sunny Sohn

Images/Video Sources:

Collagen image: http://eyeonicr.wordpress.com/2011/07/06/soft-tissues-and-logical-fallacies/

Fruits and Vegetables image: http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/20-incredible-facts-about-eating-fruits-and-vegetables-that-you-probably-didnt-know.html

2 Comments

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science Communicators, Science in the News

Tagged beauty, collagen, healthy, marketing, pore, Science Communication, skin, skin care, youthful

Go to Bed and Don’t Study! – Sound Familiar?

Posted on October 6, 2014 by linoue | 1 comment

With Thanksgiving just around the corner, I’m sure many of you have entered the dreadful midterm exam season. I know I have with 4 exams all crammed up in one week. From assignments and projects to exam study, our normal timetable is more likely to change at this time of year. So let me ask you a question: what do you do when you realize that there is an assignment due the next day, along with 2 more? Most likely, “sleep at 3 am” or “pulling an all-nighter” comes into option. Turns out, this option is not so great at all.

In a recent study in the Child Development Journal, researchers address the impact of giving up sleep for study. Andrew J. Fuligni, one of the researchers and a professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences state, “sacrificing sleep for extra study time is counterproductive”. This does not suggest that we should not study at all, but specifies that someone who chooses study over sleep is more prone to academic problems, such as low productivity, short-term memories, and lower grades.

This research was conducted through 3 public high schools in Los Angeles, with 535 students in the 9^th, 10^th, and 12^th grade. Participating teens were given a diary checklist to complete everyday, for 14 days. The results show that students in all grades spent the same amount of time (approximately 1 hour) to complete the checklist however, students in the 12^th grade slept 41.4 minutes less on average compared to the other grades. With the decrease in sleep, the 12^th grade students had a lower frequency in completing the problems provided. This study suggests, “across the years of high school, the trade-off between daily study time and sleep becomes increasingly associated with academic problems”.

Now some of you may wonder: if this is a study based on high school students, how does this relate to us, university students? Dr. Philip Alapat, a medical director at the Harris Health Sleep Disorders Center, claims that university/college students break free from the protective parental guidance once graduating from high school, which can lead to late-night activities like hanging out with friends or going to a party. These other distracting factors may contribute to the sleep deprivation of non-high-school students.

Can I fix this? –Yes!

There are a few recommendations from mail online:

1) Teach someone else! Describing this to someone else can allow you to get a better grip on the topic

2) Study in chunks –short bursts of studying followed by a break is a more effective system than cramming information hour after hour

3) Find a calm and comfortable study area

4) Look for metaphors in subject material to help better understanding of the study topic

And a few from Dr. Alapat:

1) Make sure to get 8-9 hours of sleep regularly

2) Study during periods of optimal brain function (6-8 pm)

3) Don’t overuse caffeinated drinks like coffee

Now, it might not be easy for all of you to transition into the process of sleeping early however, just keep in mind that chronic sleep deprivation can possibly cause long-term diseases for example, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.

If you are one of those with insomnia, my advice to you is to go seek help at a local sleep specialist.

Once again, don’t study too hard. Instead, sleep well. But while you’re at it, here is a video of studying music from RELAX CHANNEL:

Good luck to all those soldiers out there battling with every student’s worst nightmare: EXAMS.

-Lilly Inoue

1 Comment

Posted in Biological Sciences, Public Engagement, Science in the News, Uncategorized

Tagged Academic Problems, Exams, Insomnia, sleep, Study

Geoengineering

Posted on October 6, 2014 by Jenna Bains | 1 comment

I was first introduced to the topic of climate change in high school through the movie, “An Inconvenient Truth”, and since then the issue has been weighing heavily on my mind. A few years ago I became aware of a solution to climate change called geoengineering. Encyclopaedia Britannica defines geoengineering as, “the large-scale manipulation of a specific process central to controlling Earth’s climate for the purpose of obtaining a specific benefit.”

There are forty proposed methods, but the two primary methods used are Carbon Dioxide Reduction (CDR) and Solar Radiation Management (SRM). CDR deals with reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air through natural means such as planting more trees and algae, and increasing carbon in soils. I agree with this process because although we are tampering with the ecosystem of the planet, we are not introducing new things into it. With fast fluctuating climate changes, I understand why the demand to be able to control the weather is an issue. I agree with certain methods like CDR to help strengthen our planet so that it can defend itself, much like strengthening the immune system of a human being.

Example of Carbon Reduction (Tree Planting)
Source: Flickr Commons

On the other hand, we have SRM that is reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. This method is done by introducing nanoparticles such as sulphate, barium, and aluminum into the atmosphere. The health effects from these types of metals over a long period of time are unknown, which is my main problem with this method. Volcanoes release sulphate naturally, but with such a high amount being pumped into our skies we don’t know the effect that it will have on our respiratory system, and the respiratory system of animals as well. Also, other particles involved such as aluminum have been related to human diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Another concern is the filtering out of many positive effects of sunlight such as Vitamin D.

Example of Solar Radiation Management (Chemical Trails)
Source: Flickr Commons

At this point, with the SRM aspect, I feel like it is more of an experiment that we cannot afford to gamble with. Other pressing issues such as genetically modified foods still leave us with the freedom of choice, whereas with geoengineering we are all participants whether we like it or not.

Video on Solar Radiation Management
Source: Youtube
Author: dschnei333

– Jenna Bains

1 Comment

Posted in Biological Sciences, Issues in Science, Science in the News

Tagged climate change, environment, Geoengineering, global warming, Health

Don’t worry, you can still look beautiful even if you are late for class.

Posted on October 6, 2014 by shbak | 1 comment

Did you have an experience when your pretty classmate came late in the morning class and you did not recognize her? Please do not blame her for looking different. Women usually take at least 10 minutes to do makeup; however, if they wake up late, there are only two choices: give up on makeup or be really late on class or work. I am sure that most of the women have thought of this at least once, “uh, I am too lazy to do my makeup and remove it at the end of the day.”

There is one solution for that: permanent makeup. Your eyeliner will not smudge even when you cry unexpectedly, your eyebrow will stay at the pool party and your lip colour will stay vibrant even after you ate hamburger. If you cannot give up on your eyebrow and your eyeliner, but it is hard to wake up 10 minutes early, think about getting a permanent makeup. You can sleep 10 more minutes but still look great with your perfect looking (permanent) makeup.

Before and After the permanent makeup. Source: Click on the image will lead to flickr

Permanent makeup is also called micro pigmentation, which is a skill used for tattoo. Perhaps, the steps for getting a permanent makeup are very similar to the procedures for getting a tattoo. Permanent makeup has some good effects on people. For example, it gives hope to people who have lost their natural brows by disease such as alopecia totalis or accidents. Also, women would not have to worry everyday about drawing asymmetrical, two totally different looking eyebrows.

Eyebrow permanent makeup process. Source: Click on image will lead to flickr

However, there are many side effects for this makeup. According to CNN, the permanent ink that is used for eyeliner, lip color, or eyebrow may cause allergies, swelling, cracking, peeling, blistering, scarring, infection or granulomas. These reactions can be severe and hard to recover. FDA states that it has not administered the pigments used for tattoo or permanent makeup, but it did restrain some of the pigments that were reported to have side effects. Also, since permanent makeup is similar to tattoo, it cannot be removed easily. You would have to think carefully about the shape and the colour before you get it done. Moreover, permanent makeup is quite costly, so if you are okay with waking up a bit early and getting your makeup done, you might want to do that. However, if you do get permanent makeup, you will not need any extra makeup products, so you can save money. After all, it is fully up to you. Would you try getting a permanent makeup even though you know all those side effects?

Here is a video from a technician, Tracy Fensome. She shows the procedure for the lips permanent makeup.

Michelle ShinHwo Bak

1 Comment

Posted in Uncategorized

Tagged makeup, permanent makeup, tattoo

Ice Ice Go Away…Come Again Another Day?

Posted on October 4, 2014 by mikaelastewart | 2 comments

Arctic sea ice has been dramatically declining in recent years, as shown by the two images below. Scientists claim that if the current trend (4% decrease per decade) continues, an ice-free Arctic summer may be a reality by as soon as 2020.

Graph showing decline in Arctic Sea Ice over the last 33 years. Source: Wikimedia Commons

NASA images show decrease in Arctic sea ice from 1980 to 2012. Source: Flickr Commons user: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre

So, why is this so terrifying? Well, the reduced availability of sea ice poses a great threat to the survival of the walrus. Just last week approximately 35,000 walruses (http://www.iflscience.com/environment/walruses-become-refugees-melting-ice) gathered on a beach in Alaska, because they had nowhere else to go.

The walrus, officially known as Odobenus rosmarus, feeds near the ocean floor within the Arctic Circle. They usually feed offshore where there is an abundance of shellfish, molluscs and other soft-bodies organisms. Larger adults feed twice a day, and may consume up to 6,000 clams per feeding, which they do very rapidly.

However, unlike seals, walruses can’t swim for long periods of time, and therefore usually gather on sea ice with other walruses to rest in between feeding periods. With the increased melting of sea ice, walruses are forced to swim to shore instead, having been found on beaches around Alaska and in the Chukchi Sea in previous years.

Walruses resting on sea ice are at increasing danger of losing this natural habitat. Source: Flickr Commons user: USFWS/Joel Garlich-Miller

Now that the walruses are farther away from their natural feeding areas, they have two choices: they can either swim far distances to reach the rich offshore feeding sites (resulting in a net burn of calories), or they can remain close to shore and try to sustain themselves with a much lower quality of food, whilst competing with the thousands of other walruses on land.

Furthermore, the massive crowds of walruses are prone to stampedes, which have led to mass killings via trampling in previous incidences of beach gatherings, particularly of female and juvenile walruses.

The USGS has warned that 17 species, including the walrus, are at risk of extinction as a direct result of decreasing sea ice, particularly because the Artic is warming almost twice as fast as the rest of the world.

It is clear that something needs to change, and change soon, or else our actions as human beings will cause not only the end of Odobenus rosmarus, but also a collapse of the ecosystem in which it is involved.

An increasingly common site: 35,000 walruses gather on a beach 8km away from Point Lay, Alaska.

– Mikaela Stewart

2 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Science in the News

Tagged Arctic, Chukchi Sea, climate change, ecosystem, environment, global warming, habitat, sea ice, walruses

Something is going on while you are sleeping

Posted on September 29, 2014 by jackyoon | 1 comment

Man sleeping. source: google image(free to share)

We spend about a third of our lives sleeping, and it is considered as an activity as crucial to our health and well-being as eating. Sleep makes us improve our mood and feel more energized. However, there are a lot of unknown information and things going on while we are at rest.

First, what is going on while you are asleep? When we’re sleeping, neurons in the brain fire nearly as much as they do while we are awake. That means whatever happening during our sleeping hours is quite important to a number brain and cognitive functions.

These are some reasons why you need enough sleep and they describe what our brains do while we are asleep – and it suggest you to get some shut-eye tonight.

1. Rememers / Learns how to perform physical activities.

Your brain stores information into a long-term memory in sleep spindles, which signal processes that refresh our memories. This process help storing information specifically related to physical tasks, such as sports, driving, and dancing. These short-term memories are transferred from the motor cortex to the temporal lobe, where they become long-term memories.

2. Create and strengthen memories

Location of hippocampus in the brain source: wikipedia common

While you are asleep, the brain keeps forming new memories linking them from old ones to more recent memories. This process happens during both REM and non-REM sleep periods. Lack of sleep can cause a significant effect on the hippocampus, and affect in memory creation and consolidation. Due to this fact, all nighter would lose their ability to learn new study materials.

3. Decision making

Decision making: where to go sources: google image( free to share)

The brain can process information and prepare for actions during sleep. A recent study found that the brain processes complex stimuli while we are asleep, and utilize this information to make some decisions while we are awake.

4. Clears out toxins

Research at the Univiersity of Roschester found that during the sleep, the brains of mice flush out damaging molecules associated with neurodegeneration, which could potentially have the effect of accelerating diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Therefore, our brains would not have enough time to flush out toxins if we do not get adequate time of sleep.

Parkinson’s disease effect on various parts of brain. sources: google image(free to share)

Why do we need sleep? and What is going on in our brains during the sleep?

Jack Yoon

1 Comment

Posted in Biological Sciences, Science in the News

Tagged Brain, REM, Science Communication, sleep

Research into Medical History sheds light on Issues of Racism in Science

Posted on September 29, 2014 by billycromb | Leave a comment

I was fascinated by this interview in The Atlantic with Lundy Braun, a researcher in Africana studies and pathology and labortatory medicine, about her new book, Breathing Race Into the Machine: the Surprising Career of the Spirometer from Plantation to Genetics. It’s notable both for being good science coverage in a national magazine, but also because it highlights an issue of racism in science. The story raises interesting questions that could propably be applied to other areas of science.

Braun discusses the history of the measurement of lung capacity, which dates back to antebellum slavery in the United States and had its beginnings as a sort of pseudo-scientific justification for the notion that different races were not physically equal. Slave-owners at the time looked to variety of sciences now mostly seen as pseudo-science to try to find some sort of scientific proof of racial superiority.

The earliest study was performed by a slave-owner near the height of the slavery debate in the United States, and found that those classified as blacks or “mullatoes” had a lower lung capacity. These findings were confirmed by a large study performed by the union army during civil war. By the 1920s, the notion that black people just naturally had a lower lung capacity was medical conventional wisdom, despite some, more limited, evidence to the contrary (based on more qualitative study).

If black people do indeed have lower lung capacities, it could be due not to some sort of inherent racial difference but to different environmental or developmental factors. Black people in the United States experience poverty at much higher rates than white people and tend to live closer to a variety of environmental risk.

Today, spirometers still feature “race correction,” and read differently for patients who are determined by their doctor to be black (Braun also found that this classification was done inconsistently). Braun maintains that there have been no studies of sufficient sample size exploring other possible reasons for lower lung capacity in some black populations and that there is little justification for race correction.

The implications of this race correction are unclear. In the epilogue of her book Braun discusses how some doctors don’t rely on spirometer readings at all, and others only “eyeball it” (that is to say, the doctors guess what race someone is). Not all were even aware that race correction occured.

While the importance of this particular medical device may not be clear, the story has broader implications for science as a whole. The foundations of a lot of modern science were generated by a society that was deeply invested in justifying profound inequalities and it seems that in this case that over a hundred years of the scientific process working has failed to correct a mistake that’s based in that sort of justifying myth.

A modern Spirometer, a device for measuring lung capacity. From Wikimedia Commons: AdvancedMedicalEngineering

Who said you can’t see bright stars in the deep ocean?

Posted on September 29, 2014 by afung22 | Leave a comment

A photo of a Bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, performing bioluminescence. It’s underside is brightly lit by its symbiotic bacteria V.fischeri. Photo by Mattias Ornestad on kahikai.org

Euprymna scolopes, commonly known as the Bobtail squids, are found around the Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, they’re about 4.5cm and has one other amazing fact: they have an indirect ability to perform bioluminescence, which is the production or emission of light by living organisms. To be exact, the Bobtail squids don’t produce this phenomenon, it is the bacteria residing in these squids that produce this light. Together they can perform the largest symphony of dancing blue stars in the ocean.

The bacteria, Vibrio fischeri, is a symbiont that lives in the mantle of the Bobtail squids. The squids acquire this bacteria after they are hatched. These symbionts live in the deepest tract of the mantle and they produce the light source depending on the seawater environment, sensed through the squids’ pores. Furthermore, the Bobtail squids expel around 90-95% of these bacteria every dawn. At dusk, the bacteria increase in population and emit light again from the mantle. Since Euprymna scolopes is a nocturnal species, it hunts for prey at night time. With the bacteria, the squids are able to perform counterillumination. This effect allows them to camouflage themselves by looking like the sky above or deep abyss to divert their predators’ attention.

Here’s a video from the United Kingdom Society for Applied Microbiology uploaded by Siouxsie Wiles on YouTube. It explains how the Bobtail squids and the bacteria interact.

But here is the most astonishing hypothesis about the symbiotic relationship: the squids themselves can adjust the intensity of the light produced by their dependents.

Research tested this hypothesis and found two possible theories. Firstly, the squids may be controlling their oxygen intake to restrict the bacteria’s production of energy, thus resulting in dimmer or brighter illumination. Secondly, the squids control light emission by using their ink sac as an iris to restrict light. Both processes cannot kill the bacteria but only limit its emission. Unfortunately, biologists couldn’t explain the mechanism behind light intensity control since they could not visually see inside the mantle.

A photo of the bacteria, Vibrio fischeri, which provides the Bobtail squid bioluminescence, in a petri dish. Photo from toxita.cz.

Biologists are trying to find out how these bacteria communicate with its host. There still remain many unanswered questions. For example, how do the squids know how much V. fischeri to expel? What happens if we remove these symbiotic bacteria from their hosts? How do the squids know when to stop before killing the bacteria?

With further research, they hope to understand how bacterial cells communicate with human cells using Bobtail squids as their model. Scientists wish to find ways to distinguish harmful bacteria versus those that help regulate our body. By understanding how V.fischeri functions inside the squids, we could produce antibiotics that only pinpoint the harmful bacteria in our body and find ways to disrupt these bacteria from causing us sicknesses.

– Alison Fung

Why use herbicides to kill invasive marsh reed, use herbivores.

Posted on September 29, 2014 by shjegal | 2 comments

source: http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/goats-better-chemicals-curbing-invasive-marsh-grass

The Phragmites australis is an invasive reed that is rapidly colonizing in the East Coast salt marshes recently. The growth of invasive reeds is at very fast rate, which kills native grass by over competing resources, and changes the function of marsh. So how can we reduce the abundance and distribution of Phragmites and sustain native environment?

Brian R. Silliman, Rachel Carson associate professor of marine conservation biology at Duke University, experimented on herbicides, and herbivores such as goats, cows, and horses (livestock) to discover which is more effective on reducing abundance of invasive marsh reeds. He found that controlled grazing herbivores was much more effective than using herbicides to kill the reeds.

source: http://www.pressherald.com/2010/09/22/erase-invaders_2010-09-22/

Herbicides may slow down the growth rate of Phragmites, but it is only temporary effect and costly; once herbicides were used, roots of reeds must removed and then the native species need to be re-planted to sustain the native environment. Therefore, using herbicides to kill reeds require a lot of materials and machines and it is not that efficient. So what about herbivores? The herbivores are known to eat plant, and they would eat whether they are invasive species or native species. Then, why is there an increase in native species when there is decrease in invasive species? This is because since invasive species are dominant, and outcompete the native species, herbivores would not have a chance to eat native species first, but rather start off with invasive species.

Silliman’s team randomly choose 4 goats and place them in 8.5m X 4m wire fenced box at Phragmites dominated freshwater marsh in the Beltsville Agricultural Research Centre in Beltsville, Maryland, USA. According to his study, goats were excellent livestock that can suppress the growth of Phragmites significantly. The goats reduced stem density by ~50%, stem height by ~60%, and percentage cover from 94% to 21% in 2~4 weeks. This remarkable results suggested that controlled grazing of goats, cows, horses, and other livestock will sustain the native species diversity by effectively reduce the invasive species and allow native species to re-establish.

The video below explain the problem with Phragmites

Cited: Richard Hydren, “The Problem with Phragmites”. Youtube, Jun 3, 2013/ Web. Oct 12, 2014

-SungHoo Jegal

Source:

http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/goats-better-chemicals-curbing-invasive-marsh-grass

Plant patrol tries to erase invaders from Scarborough Marsh

2 Comments

Posted in Issues in Science, Public Engagement, Science in the News

Tagged Herbicides, Herbivores, Marsh, Phragmites, Reeds

An Ear for Technology

Posted on September 29, 2014 by danyak | 3 comments

We have all experienced the uncomfortable encounter of trying to communicate with someone who we can not quite hear, whether they mumble, speak quietly, or are otherwise unclear. After politely asking “Pardon?” several times, we smile and nod ambiguously, hoping that we are not making fools of ourselves.

In our modern world, this is becoming much more common – not because we now whisper our sentences, but because hearing loss is a fast rising issue. In fact, the American Osteopathic Association reports a hearing loss rate of 20% in teens. That’s 30% higher than it was only a few decades ago. Could this be due to the music devices that attack our ears with increasing decibels? According to research, this is only part of the problem. Our hearing is actually strongly impacted by what are now common sounds in our modern world – cars, TVs, laundry machines – pretty much anything that adds to the background din. A tribe in Eastern Africa that lives far from the constant noise of modern machinery reportedly can hear a whisper across the length of a baseball field, due to their unaffected hearing. However, as technology progresses and creates cities with constant noise, a by-product, and now a necessity for some, has also been created – hearing aids.

The sound of a nearby plane landing is enough to permanently damage your hearing. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Hearing aids used to be large and bulky, and this is not including the ear trumpets which were used until the early 19^th century. Even in the 1990’s the hearing aids used were called “Analog hearing aids”, which were extremely visible, and they essentially amplified all pitches (frequencies) of sound. This was a problem for many hard-of-hearing people relying on these devices, as hearing losses vary from person to person. At this time, the hearing aids all had volume dials that could be adjusted, but the fine-tuning needed to properly support each individual’s unique hearing loss was not yet available.

Hearing aid advancements. Old -> New. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Nowadays, hearing aids are both small and efficient – a huge difference from only twenty years ago. Hearing aid companies are realizing that there are more people now with hearing losses, and that consumers are looking for discreet, natural-sounding aids. Today’s hearing aids are not only “invisible” (i.e., hidden in the ear canal), but they are also able to pinpoint and amplify certain sounds, adjust automatically to different social settings, and connect to apps on your phone. These advancements have been made possible by the progress of digital technology, and, sadly, the fact that there are now more consumers for hearing aids.

The video below, by Today’s TMJ4, enthusiastically presents the benefits of the current hearing aid model.

In conclusion, although technology is certainly contributing to the increase in hearing losses, through portable music devices, loud music concerts, as well as noisy machinery, a parallel effect is the advancement of amplifying devices. Although hearing aids may never become a fashion accessory like glasses, the recent efficiency of aids has stopped them from simply being a blemish proclaiming the wearer’s disability, but rather a clever piece of technology to marvel at.

– Danya

3 Comments

Posted in Public Engagement, Science in the News

Tagged amplification technology, hearing aids, hearing loss, modernization, technology

Collagen cannot be absorbed through skin!

Go to Bed and Don’t Study! – Sound Familiar?

Geoengineering

Don’t worry, you can still look beautiful even if you are late for class.

Ice Ice Go Away…Come Again Another Day?

Something is going on while you are sleeping

Research into Medical History sheds light on Issues of Racism in Science

Who said you can’t see bright stars in the deep ocean?

Why use herbicides to kill invasive marsh reed, use herbivores.

An Ear for Technology

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