On those rare summer days when the temperature is climbing to nearly forty degrees celsius, you have probably dreamed of climbing into a freezer. Well, this desperation to escape the heat is not unique to us. As humanity drives the temperature up through global warming, many tropical species are in desperate need of a good fan. But with a lack of appliances in the tropical wilderness, they are starting to migrate up mountains to escape the heat. However, this one way escalator ride up the mountain may be leading to extinction.
Source: Pixabay.com
Dr. Freeman’s Research:
Dr. Benjamin Freeman, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of British Columbia, aims to understand how global warming is impacting where montane (mountain-dwelling) species live. His recent study highlights how climate change is causing species to shift upward, which can lead to the extinction of species living higher up on mountains. This phenomenon is known as the “escalator to extinction” which is explained by the video below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOoO2_DxwS0&ab_channel=MatthewLim
To make these conclusions, Dr. Freeman examined datasets from various studies that measured elevational shifts associated with global warming over the last 100 years. Based on his findings, the escalator to extinction is around the corner for tropical montane species.
Effects of the escalator to extinction:
This phenomenon can have various effects on montane species and our society as discussed in the following podcast.
Thank you to freesound.org for providing the sound effects used in our podcast (plasterbrain, InspectorJ)
In the podcast, Dr. Freeman mentions that less available land at higher altitudes of a mountain are threatening montane species.
Why is this the case?
Less available land at higher altitudes often means less resources for organisms to use. Thus, as species continue to shift upslope to evade the heat, there will be increased competition within species populations and between different species. This competition for resources such as food and habitat will likely result in the strongest species surviving, and lead to extirpations (loss of species populations) of weaker species. Some examples of extirpations caused by the escalator to extinction are populations of the White-eared Solitaire and Fulvous-breasted Flatbill as found by a previous study by Dr. Freeman.
Furthermore, temperature-dependent (requiring specific temperature to survive) crop diseases such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens shifting upslope can greatly affect human populations living in mountains. For example, introducing new crop diseases can lead to lower crop yields. Thus, human communities in mountains can potentially face unexpected food shortages, and be forced to find different sources of food.
How can we prevent this?
If we cannot stop global warming, we must guide animals to higher elevations to save them from extinction. Many species go extinct because they are restricted from higher elevations due to human agricultural activities that divide up lands. One possible way to facilitate their upward migration is through the development of corridors that give species a path to higher elevations. In addition, we can plant trees at higher altitudes to provide new habitats for these displaced organisms.
Once grown, these newly planted trees will provide accessible habitats for species and as a result, potentially reduce extirpation events.
Source: commons.wikimedia.org/
But really, the best thing we can do is raise awareness of this critical issue.
-Karnvir Dhillon, Declan O’Driscoll, Samantha Nalliah, Matthew Lim
The Great Barrier Reef, Australia.
Large Recent Increases in Marine Heatwaves
