Author Archives: Harleen Kalra

The Importance of Recycling Urine and Fecal Matter

 

The most important chemical in fertilizers today.

Phosphorous is an important element that is largely involved in global agricultural production; therefore it directly affects the survival of mankind.

Phosphorous is important because it is a leading component in fertilizers that are largely used in food production globally to meet the demand of the growing population. Phosphorous is obtained from phosphate reserves, which are now depleting at a rate that will exhaust these reserves within the next 50-100 years, as phosphate is a non-renewable resource. This issue should be of the utmost concern to the government in order to maintain food security for future generations. The lack of phosphorous threatens food production with low crop yields and poor quality produce and consequently the existence of the human race.

Phosphorous is not only a key component in our agricultural industry but also plays a key role in all living things, including the construction of DNA and cell membranes. Due to its rare existence in the Earth’s crust, it is often a limiting factor in the growth of plants and algae. In humans it is essential for bone formation.  Without a steady supply of this resource, global agricultural will greatly suffer and the global population will suffer a nutrition shortage.

The world’s increasing food demand has resulted in increased mining into phosphate reserves. This agricultural demand has been increasing at a rate of 3% per year, which will continue to increase as the gap between the rich and the poor increases. The rich will continue to prosper and consume more meat and dairy – which require more phosphorous input than any other foods – while those on the opposite end of the spectrum continue to face the harsh realities of the wavering food security.

If you’re more interested on the matter, the clip below would definitely be worth a watch.

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Schizophrenia and the Biological Factors That Contribute To It

 

Do you know that voice you hear in your head? The one you hear when you read? Or the one that has conversations of its own? We all have it. But now imagine that this voice isn’t your voice anymore. This voice has a life of its own. It tells you things you never thought of; it makes you believe that the people and the places you know are figments of your imagination; it makes you go crazy. This is the harsh reality of many schizophrenics.

A lot of us may have heard about schizophrenia, and a lot of us may know of it as simply meaning you’re crazy. The fancy definition of it is a “profound disruption of basic psychological processes.” Your reality is distorted; your thoughts and your behavior are disturbed. Symptoms of this include hallucination, disorganized speech, and catatonic behavior to name a few.

So how do you get it? Will a schizophrenic’s sneeze render you “crazy” as well? Well, no. As many of you may have guessed already, schizophrenia’s origins lie in biological factors, which include genetic factors, biochemical factors, and neuroanatomy.

Evidence for this conclusion lies in studies that show that the closer you are, biologically of course, in relationship to a person diagnosed with schizophrenia, the more likely you are to also develop the disorder. Furthermore, and this is perhaps some of the strongest proof, studies show that concordance rates are higher for identical twins in comparison to fraternal twins. This clearly shows us that genetics play a crucial role in the development of the disorder.

Neuroanatomy, in addition to genetics, is another biological factor that aids in the development of schizophrenia. With the help of neuroimaging techniques, researchers began to look for anatomical differences in people with the disorder. Early observations led them to discover the enlargements of ventricles – hollow areas lying deep within the core of the brain. The abnormal enlargement in some patients suggested a loss of brain tissue mass that could have occurred during prenatal development. However, this evidence is complicated and unreliable for many reasons. First, enlarged ventricles are only found in a few patients. Second, some individuals without the disorder are also found to have enlarged ventricles. Lastly, the enlargement of the ventricles can be caused by some types of antipsychotic drugs, prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence of a variety of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. A variety of specific brain changes found in other studies suggest a clear relationship between biological changes in the brain and the progression of schizophrenia.

 

 

The neuroanatomy of schizophrenics differs from those that do not.
Photo Researchers, Inc.

In addition to biological factors, the third factor that contributes to the development of schizophrenia is the presence of excessive dopamine – this is known to be the  the dopamine hypothesis. The hypothesis explains why amphetamines, which increase dopamine levels, often aggravate the symptoms (Iverson, 2006). However, there is evidence that refutes this hypothesis, as many individuals do no respond well to dopamine blocking drugs. All in all, the accurate involvement of neurotransmitters in schizophrenia is yet to be determined.

This link discusses the dopamine hypothesis in detail while interviewing a patient

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Research on schizophrenia and its cure continue today, in the 21st century. While we have made great progress, a lot remains to be discovered about this order that affects almost 51 million people in our world at one time. 

Harleen Kalra

Is the Earth’s climate changing?

We keep hearing that the climate is changing, but we are not very exposed to the evidence that support this. We are aware that the Earth is warming, however it is not warming uniformly all over the planet, and some regions have experienced more warming than others. Generally, land areas have warmed more than the oceans. I have outlined below some of the evidence that supports this statement.

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  • Satellite Measurements of Temperature: Global temperature can be measured via orbit and the US have been flying satellites since 1978. However, possibilities of error have been explored with this type of measurement. One area of potential error is that satellites do not measure surface temperature, rather they measure the temperature of the bottom 8 km of the atmosphere. Another possible area of error with satellite measurement is orbit drift.
  • Ice: The lengths of glaciers all over the world have been measured and show a clear pattern in the receding of these glaciers. The fact that this retreat of glaciers is happening in places all over the world means that the cause is global. It provide confirmation that global warming is occurring. Measurements of sea ice also confirm that is decreasing in thickness. This is further confirmation of the warming of the climate on a global level.

Ice sheet melting in Greenland

  • Ocean Temperatures: Oceans are observed to be warming as well over time. This is because the heat trapped by greenhouse gases goes into the oceans.
  • Sea Level: As grounded ice melts, the melted water runs to the ocean and increases the amount of water, thereby increasing the sea level. Another concern with the increase in sea level is that when water is warmed, it expands. This expansion of water further causes a rise in sea level.
There you have it folks,all the evidence out on the table. The Earth’s climate is changing. The above stated data are susceptible to errors therefore several types of confirmations are needed to make sure that there is no flaw in the research. 

 

Below are two other articles that have been published by James Hansen on the topic.

http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~davidc/ATMS211/articles_optional/Hansen81_CO2_Impact.pdf

http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/scientificamerican/journal/v290/n3/full/scientificamerican0304-68.html