Category Archives: Biological Sciences

How the term ‘endorphin’ derived and works for our body?

Picture showing how endorphin works
from altered-states.net

Endorphin is closely related to morphine, and morphine is a drug that  effectively removes pain after getting hurt or surgery, and also gives thrill to people as if they fly in the sky. Because of this, morphine freed countless people who have suffered from pain, but also played a huge role in destroying people by making them addicted.

So, in 1970s, many researchers studied about this. And later, they discovered that there is a substance that performs a similar role like morphine in our brains. And it is about 100 times stronger than morphine. Thus, by definition, the substance is endogenous morphine, which means that it exists inside a brain. To call it short, it is called as endorphin.

This substance is secreted when people get stress to counteract it. Endorphin is a very thankful substance that relieves anxiety and pain to make people happy. When people get stress from climbing high mountains and skydiving, the brains secret endorphin to make them feel less pain and thus feel as if they fly the sky.

Also, an interesting fact is that the secretion of endorphin increases when people feel stress, but is restrained when they are happy. For example, when women are about to give birth, the level of endorphin reaches the maximum point in both mothers’ and babies’ brains to deal with the situation. After giving birth, the level of it decreases rapidly.

A woman giving a birth to a baby with help of endorphin
Credit to gettyimages’Korea

Therefore, it seems that babies are exposed to drugs from the moment when they are born. And there is always possibility that anyone can get addicted. So we need to be very careful not to become addicted to drugs.

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This shows how endorphin works for people’s body by William Bloom. (This video is from the youtube username William Bloom.)

-Jong Jin Park

Technological Advance: Resistance May Be Futile

Are you one of those smart phone users who simply can’t be parted from your phone, or one of those wifi junkies who travel from hotspot to hotspot simply looking for your next fix? Well there may be good news for you, as scientists from Duke University School of Medicine have been working on a way to mind meld humans with technology. That’s right, just like the Borg, you too could become one with machine and share a single consciousness with all of your friends! Okay, well maybe not just yet, but they’re certainly making advances in that direction.

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We are the Borg. Resistance is Futile. You will be assimilated.

Courtesy of ragokin via Youtube

That’s right all you Trekkies, resistance may soon enough be futile, as researchers from Duke have successfully linked a pair of rat brains. Using arrays of microelectrodes, researchers attached the motor cortexes of the two rat brains. This allowed the two rats to transmit and receive tactile and motor information to and from each other at will.

In their experiment, both rats were trained to perform certain tasks based on certain stimulus. The rats were then put into separate testing areas and connected via this brain linkage – one was only given the stimulus and the other was put in the response area. The experimenters ran a number of different tests; from making one rat push certain levers based on what light another was shown, to making one rat believe that it had detected infrared light, when there was no light source present. The results were astounding to researchers, as in their first test, the rats achieved a 70% success rate, which was only just slightly less than the maximum 78% success rate that the researchers had deemed possible. Although the experiments were all different, the results were all significant, showing that the rats were consciously communicating. Furthermore, it appeared that the communication was not a one-way street, but instead that the rats were responding to one another. This was indicated by slight changes in the rats’ brain function and behavior – a behavior believed to be as a result of a mutual and concerted effort.

To put all doubt to rest as well as to test the bounds of the connection, the researchers separated the two rats completely – not just in different testing rooms or different buildings, but on two completely different continents. The rat receiving the stimulus was put in Natal, Brazil and the rat performing the actions was put in Durham, N.C., USA. The connection was established using an Internet connection. Miguel Pais-Vera, PhD, was amazed that even despite the distance and the lag associated with Internet connections, the rats were still able to complete the tasks while maintaining a significant level of success. He continued by saying that this research was promising and that in time “it could be possible the create a workable, network of animal brains distributed in many different locations.”

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If not the Borg, it may be a bit closer to this.

Courtesy of Its me simon, via Flickr Creative Commons

– Brian Kahnamelli

To fear or not to fear

Is there something you are afraid of? Fear is a psychological trait that is found in everyone. People develop fear throughout their lives, but most of our fears are developed during childhood when the mind is more vulnerable. There are many fears in the general public, the most common ones being: height, public speaking, small spaces, the dark, snakes, spiders, needles and dentists.

Spider by cheetah100 via Flickr Creative Commons

Fear comes in different forms and it can be on a conscious and unconscious level. One might find themselves fearing harmless objects due to their connection to the object or thing they actually fear. For example, one who is afraid of heights may find themselves developing a fear of skyscrapers, since it subconsciously reminds them of high places.

We all know what we fear, but why do we fear and how does fear develop? The most obvious answer may be that when we experience something unpleasant, it can trigger us into fearing the object or thing that traumatized us. For instance, if a child was bitten by a dog when they were young, they may start fearing dogs. From that moment on, whenever they come across dogs, their first instinct is to get away from the dogs as far as they can. In contrast to our beliefs, studies show that there is another cause of fear.

Shocked baby by mjtmail (tiggy) via Flickr Creative Commons

One study based their experiment on monkeys and snakes. Initially monkeys and snakes were placed in a room and the response of the monkeys was monitored. From the observations, it turns our monkeys do not fear snakes. However, when the monkeys were isolated from one another and a shocking noise was accompanied each time a snake was introduced, the monkeys started becoming afraid of the snakes. Furthermore, when the response of a frightened monkey was shown to another monkey, the second monkey also developed a fear for snakes. From this experiment, it can be concluded that people can develop fear without having to personally experience a traumatic event to learn to fear something.

Take a look at a video of a fearless seven year old kid skydiving:

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From YouTube user: woods852

As it turns out, we learn our fears and we can overcome them by stepping out of our comfort zones and continuously exposing ourselves to what we are most afraid of. So what will you do next?

For further readings on another study based on learning fear see here.

-Alice Lin

Is my brain really frozen?

Have you ever felt so thirsty on a hot summer day, you’ve chugged an ice cold drink or a Slurpee to quench your thirst? To your surprise, you must have felt a sense of pain instead of relief from your thirst. This pain phenomenon is known as a brain freeze. Although the pain is experienced in the head, the source of the pain occurs in the mouth.

Man holding a slurp by Missvain via Wikimedia Commons

A brain freeze occurs when one comsumes an ice-cold substance quickly. When ice cream or a Slurpee comes in contact with the roof of the mouth, a collection of nerves called the “sphenopalatine ganglion” experiences a drastic change in temperature. This causes the cerebral artery to dilate therefore allowing more blood to flow into the brain leaving you with the pain of a headache. As soon as the roof of the mouth warms up to normal a temperature, the pain from the brain freeze disappears.

Researchers at Harvard Medical School investigated the phenomena of brain freeze. They observed the relationship between cerebral blood flow and brain freeze by using a transcranial Doppler imager. In their experiment, one group of observed patients drank iced water while the other (control) group drank tepid water. The researchers found that sudden increases in blood flow to the brain cause pain because of the added pressure inside the skull.

No one knows the real reason why brain freezes occur. However, it has been suggested that the phenomenon is part of the brain’s defence system. The brain is sensitive to drastic changes in temperature. Therefore, it is possible that the anterior cerebral artery dilates to move warm blood inside the tissue and make sure the brain stays warm. Although this theory is not confirmed, it is likely a possible answer.

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A youtube video of two guys having a Slurpee drinking competition by kezmanandchaps via www.youtube.com

A brain freeze can be avoided by consuming cold substances slowly or by leaving it in the mouth long enough for the roof of the mouth to become used to the temperature. If you already have a brain freeze, there are a few things you can do to get rid of it more quickly: you can press your tongue against the roof of your mouth to warm it up, or you can drink something warm. With summer just around the corner, make sure to remember these tips in case you run into the unfortunate situation of experiencing a brain freeze from quenching your thirst on a hot summer day!

Sleep Deprivation Can Cause Changes in Genes?

A sleeping child (Cr. JarektUploadBot via Wikimedia Commons)

Are you getting enough sleep lately?  You probably know that sleep deprivation is bad for you, but to what extent?  Now, a study showed that a lack of sleep affects the gene mechanisms that control metabolism, sleep and immunity.  Just one week of insufficient sleep can cause changes to over 700 genes!  Yikes!

Before this study was done, scientists linked long-term sleep deprivation with obesity, heart disease and cognitive impairment.  However, the actual molecular mechanisms that led to these effects were not known.

The effects of sleep deprivation (Cr. Mikael Häggström via Wikimedia Commons)

Now, British researchers at Surrey University in England showed that long-term sleep deprivation directly alters gene expression for processes such as immune responses, stress and metabolism.  All of the above mentioned affects have a wide range of negative effects, especially if the health issues last a long time.

In this study, researchers had 26 healthy volunteers (as in, no illnesses), but were deprived of sleep.  They then examined the gene expressions in the volunteers.  The people in the “sleep-deprived” group only had about 6 hours of sleep for 7 days consecutively, while the people in the control group had about 10 hours of sleep.  At the end of the week, participants had their blood RNA samples taken.

Both groups were observed and had many tests taken to determine their cognitive performance during the day.  The participants in the study were also asked how they slept.  Finally, researchers measured levels of the hormone melatonin, which regulates biological rhythm and sleep cycles.

The chemical structure of RNA (Cr. InfoCan via Wikimedia Commons)

RNA analysis of the blood samples showed that activity in 711 genes were decreased or increased from the lack of sleep.  As it turns out, every gene is responsible for the creation of a protein that is important in the body.  And RNA is needed to carry out the message from each gene to create those proteins.  If the amount of RNA changes from its normal levels, then this means that there are now more or less of the messages getting sent to create the proteins.  This can ultimately lead to dramatic changes in the body.

Changes to different genes caused different reactions.  Many of the genes that were affected were involved in maintaining the “biological clock” or the circadian rhythm.  It is what tells us what is supposed to happen in a 24-hour clock.  Other genes were known for their overall gene expression – that is, the lack of sleep will cause harmful changes to the body.  Finally, through the study, it was shown that participants also had bad test results on memory, cognition and attention.

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Here’s a short overview on sleep deprivation and its effects on genes! (via. Youtube user: DNewsChannel)

So, what exactly should we take from all of this?  It’s definitely time to sleep more!

– Maggie Chan

Caffeine: a misunderstood friend

Every once in a while, some of us need a pick-me-up to make it through a long day. It can come in the form of coffees, teas and even chocolate bars. The common element behind these products is the chemical, caffeine. Often labelled as the bad guy in health industries, caffeine has been through a great deal of scrutiny in the scientific community. In the past, many
caffeine-related myths arose. For example, it was once thought that regular consumption of caffeinated products lead to weak bones and increased risk for heart disease. However, many of these false facts have since then been debunked. In addition to the  amnesty granted to caffeine, many health benefits from its use have been discovered which include improvements in both physical and mental aspects of performance and health and even treatments in Alzheimer’s disease.

A delicious cup of black coffee. By Jon Sullivan via Wikimedia Commons

Caffeine has many applications in the sports and health industries. Many studies have been done which note an improvement in performance in certain sports. Researchers found that caffeine intake boosted the quality of work done in sports requiring power like weightlifting, sports requiring periodic bursts of effort like rugby and tennis, and in sports requiring endurance like running and cycling. These effects were observed from just small doses of caffeine typical of the general public. In addition to the benefits achieved in a sports-setting, caffeine also has use in body composition control. An increase in metabolic rate and fat loss was observed in subjects three hours after caffeine intake. Researchers noted an increase in the total amount of available energy in the form of circulating free fatty acids from predisposed fat stores in the body. This specific property can be used in treating obesity and aiding those individuals looking to lose fat with regular exercise. While caffeine has been found to be extremely useful in achieving  physical well-being, it can also play a role in mental health and function maintenance.

Cyclists in the US Air Force. By U.S. Air Force via Wikimedia Commons

Many energy drinks containing caffeine often state that their product helps temporarily restore mental alertness and wakefulness. This claim has some truth to it as most studies involving caffeine have recently found. Countless studies have found that fatigued individuals performed better on cognitive tasks with the ingestion of caffeine. Although it is widely known for its effects on alertness and attention, it can also aid in learning. In a study done in France, a researcher observed an increase in a specific type of learning when administering human participants with caffeine. Passive learning increased in individuals when they given information to remember operating on the premise that no test would be given afterwards. Furthermore, caffeine has applications in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In one study, it was discovered that taking
500 mg of caffeine or an equivalent three cups of coffee provided protection against this ailment. In most patients with this disease, aggregations of a compounds called beta amyloids were found in their brains. Caffeine’s primary pharmacological action in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease is the inhibition of certain enzymes needed for the formation of these beta amyloids which resulted in the reduction in the cognitive decline observed in patients.

A discussion of the therapeutic use of caffeine. (attributed to YouTube user: healthycoffeeupdate)
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Caffeine, when used in moderation, is an extremely useful substance. From increasing physical performance to maintaining mental health, caffeine provides many benefits. So next time a barista at your favorite coffee-house asks you if you want either a regular cup of joe or decaf, I’d personally recommend the former!

-Earvin Remandaban

BPA health risks beginning to be better understood

I’m sure at one point or another you’ve heard someone say that plastic water bottles are bad for the environment and that all they do is create landfill waste. Then i’m sure you thought well if i recycle the bottle then it won’t be creating waste. Well it turns out the environment effects of plastic bottles may not be all you have to worry about. Research started coming out Back in 2007 that showed BPA (Bisphenol A) may be causing a variety of unwanted health risks to humans. Regardless of the finding of these early studies, it took the FDA 5 years until it banned the use of BPA in some plastic containers back in 2012. At first it wasn’t well understood how BPA was causing these problems, but a new study that was published in Proceeding of the National Academy of Science may have found at least one mechanism of how BPA is effecting the development of our young.

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What is Bisphenol A? by riskbites

BPA is a manmade organic chemical that is a major component of polycarbonate plastic as well as epoxy resins that are used to coat the insides of many containers  such as food cans and plastic water bottles. The main purpose of BPA is to prevent corrosion of the container itself by its contents. The problem with BPA is that it can mimic estrogen and disrupt our endocrine system.

Pocari Sweat by srowdrowa via Wikimedia Commons

During our development our neurons contain high levels of chloride ions, but as we mature the levels of chloride inside the neurons drops because of a chloride transporter called KCC2. When the developing neurons are exposed to even small levels of BPA these KCC2 transporters don’t work as well and chloride concentrations remain high inside the neuron. As a result of this the developing neurons suffer damage caused by the abnormal chloride levels. Although both male and female neurons are affected, female neurons seem to be more susceptible to BPA’s toxicity. This requires further research to be more certain, but it could could a possible factor in neurological disorders such as Rett syndrome among others that tend to plague females more so than males.

It may be time to start second guessing the use of those disposable plastic water bottles and consider replacing them with a BPA free reusable water bottle. Since the results of the many studies that preceded this one have come into light these more health friendly metal water bottles have become a very popular substitute. And hey it helps reduce a little waste at the same time….win win.

-Alex Gibson

Sleepwalking: Are you sleeping or not?

Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder belonging to the parasomnia family, which can be defined as any abnormal activities or events happening at any point of sleeping.

Sleepwalking via Binside TV

According to the National Sleep Foundation, it is estimated that 1-15% of population has this disorder.  Sleepwalking is more common in children and it often disappears by adolescence as amount of deep sleep decreases. A study shows that 16.7% of children between age of 11 to 12 years old experience sleepwalking.

As ages of people who have sleepwalking vary, symptoms are various ranging from simply sitting up and walking around to committing homicide.

sleepwalker via hughkretschme

There are interesting stories of sleepwalking episodes. 

For example, a 55 years old chef Robert Wood cooks while he is asleep. For four to five times a week, he goes to the kitchen while asleep, and makes omelettes, stir fries and chips. 

However, sleepwalking is not always funny. Several extreme cases of sleepwalking  involving crimes have been reported.

ABC news reported a guy who was arrested for violently attacking his wife while he was asleep.

Except sleepwalk is more common in childhood, it is not relevant of sex, race, or  specific environment. Then what causes sleepwalking?

Direct causes of children are unknown. Anxiety or lack of sleep likely to bring sleep disorder. According to The New York Times, alcohols, sedatives, medical conditions, side effects of medication or mental disorders can cause adults’ sleepwalking.

Furthermore, a research reported that sleepwalk can be associated with genetic problem or hormonal problems, too.

Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for sleepwalking unless it is directly caused by medication. For adults, hypnosis may be involved and actually a study shows some cases successfully treated sleepwalking with hypnosis alone.

 

There are numerous ways to prevent sleepwalking. General ways of reducing probability of having sleepwalking are: getting adequate sleep, mediation or relaxation exercises, avoiding stimuli prior to bedtime, and etc.

Also, if a person has sleep disorder, a family member of him/herself should prevent possible accident by keeping a safe sleeping environment and locking the doors and windows.