The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes

“To give a text an Author is to impose a limit on that text, to furnish it with a final significance, to close the writing.”

Simply put, text is a series of phonetic sounds with variable meaning, depend on the purpose of the author. The author’s purpose for writing text is to share their experiences with culture. In his article, Barthes differentiates between the “scriptor” and the “author” by stating that the word “author” implies more authority over the reader’s interpretations. The author inflicts a certain viewpoint on the reader, which inevitably overshadows the reader’s creative mind.

Roland Barthes. (1977). The Death of the Author. Retrieved from http://www.deathoftheauthor.com

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New Technology

Technology Use

As I sit here to create a post regarding my definition of technology I began to think that just last night in one of my posts for ETEC 511 I was discussing a topic very similar to the one we are currently looking at in this class. In our discussion about what we think technology and educational technology means I wrote:

Before this course when I thought about technology or educational technology my definition would have been regarding just the objects themselves (eg. televisions, ipads, smart boards etc.) I had not previously thought about the fact that that technology also includes all the activities that can be done with these objects as well as the knowledge created through these objects and also the will that we have to work with these objects. This changed my whole thinking about what technology means and now makes my definition encompass many other facets of technology.

As I researched the definition of technology it became clear to me that technology means a lot more than just the objects that are created/invented, but also must include all of the things that we do with these objects and how they are used to share learning and information with others. There is a short blurb below the picture that I chose and it says:

“Computers and electronic technology are in the classrooms for good. Many schools have 1 to 1 initiatives that put a computing device into the hands of each student. This graphic is a challenge for teachers to move beyond the obvious and traditional uses of computers (browsing, clicking, chatting, and gaming) to inventing, designing, creating, building, sharing.”

In today’s educational world we are slowing moving away from the “traditional” uses of technology (although these are still valid) and moving towards using technology to help students create, design, explore and invent things where they can bring their ideas and learning to life.

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Text – an undefinable term?

I have often heard people say that text is one of those “undefinable” terms. Although, I am not sure I agree that it is completely undefinable, I do think that the word text brings forward different meanings for different people based on their age, culture, education etc. Text to me is anything that is used to conveyed meaning whether it is writing, symbols, signs etc. Text goes back to markings on caves that were used to convey meaning to others all the way to today’s use of text in its written form. Just in the short time that I have been a part of this course I am already beginning to redefine my thinking about things such as text and technology. They seem to encompass so much more then I once imagined them to!

I chose the wordle below because I think it illustrates how many different things come to mind when we speak about text. Text is not just the writing on this page, it encompasses so many other things when we begin to look at the definition in a broader sense.

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Novel Writing… Live!

[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogPZ5CY9KoM[/youtube]

I was holding off for some sort of e-divine inspiration to strike me so that I could make my post on technology. It didn’t really happen, but this is what came to me in the last day:

I was thinking about a story I’d heard, of how people are doing studies with gorillas or chimps (some kind of simian) using iPads. Long story short, they can use them somewhat. I’m not too surprised – I’ve seen them and other animals work with human symbols before (Maybe the bigger question is why bother?). Then I started thinking about how I thought at the start of this course that technology is tools… and that, the best ones, perhaps, are the most usable – in that different cultures could use them for their intended purpose or something else. So… something like an iPad is an awesome tool, but maybe not as important as a pointed stick, if you catch my train of thought.

Somehow, in my mind’s strained technological ramblings, I thought of Monty Python and their novel writing sketch. It’s the audio sketch posted above. Essentially, Thomas Hardy is penning “The Return of the Native”, live, in front of an audience, and it’s being commentated as a sporting event. I serve it to you as my example of how a technology (writing) maybe be thought of in different ways, done in different venues, done for different purposes, etc. It’s a good example of writing about, well, writing.

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Technology – We Only Fear Living Without It

Postman’s article really resonated with my day to day reality, as I have recently come to realize how we can be either masters or slaves of technology.  Reading his interpretation of technology and its effects, I realized how readily I surrender to new technologies without necessarily weighing their outcomes, and how I am now, as a result, almost incapable of imagining my life without technology.  Isaac Assimov’s statement “I do not fear computers. I fear the lack of them” has become a daily reality.  Work and play have become intrinsically linked to the technology that I use.  I think a technophobe might take issue with this, but in many ways, we’re dependant on certain technologies now (and have been since our birth): electricity, motor transportation, running water.

Considering Postman’s pessimistic view of technology, it will be interesting to see whether the next generation comes to depend on certain technologies much in the same way we have always depended on electricity and running water, and whether this will somehow ‘corrupt’ them, as Thamus claimed writing has our memories.

Postman, N. (1992). Technopoly: The surrender of culture to technology. New York: Vintage Books.

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The invention of writing.

Thamus’ response to in invention of writing: “The discovery of the alphabet will create forgetfulness in the learners’ souls, because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves. Your invention is not an aid to memory…you give your disciples not truth, but only the semblance of truth; they will be the hearers of many things and they will learn nothing.” Pheadrus (McLuhan, 1967, p. 113)

In this quote, Plato explains the mythic story of the Egyptian gods Thoth and Thamus. So the story goes, Thoth was trying to convince Thamus to support the invention of writing. After Thoth detailed all of the benefits of writing, Thamus continued to be fearful of this new technology. Thamus worried that writing would have tragic consequences for humanity. More specifically, Thamus predicted that the loss of memory would outweigh the gain of preserving written knowledge. At the time, when oralists passed away, their knowledge was also lost. Today, I would argue that modern cultures value the written or digitalized word. In schools, educating children now infers that students are literate. In fact the words, literate, educated and well-read are terms that are used interchangeably.

McLuhan, M., Fiore, Q., & Agel, J. (1967). The medium is the massage. New York: Bantam Books.

An Addendum to my Technology post

When I originally wrote this post about the mythical story of the Egyptian King Thamus and the invention of writing, I did not realize that we would read about this story in the Neil Postman article. I came across this story in one of my undergraduate classes and feel that it accurate depicts a natural human reaction to the onset of new technology. As a MET student and a teacher who is generally interested in educational technology, I have had to justify the use of new technology to my colleagues on several occasions. For teachers, technology is inevitably changing the way we teach and learn. Similar to the invention of handwriting, digitalized text provides great benefits to education by furthering the creativity and imagination of students through the use of portable devices.

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Selective Living

Technology increases our ability to make connections. We are connected to more people through technology than ever before. We have more control over who we hang out with and escape the confines of the physical world. This isolates us from the people around us while plugging in to those far away. We no longer have to deal with the people in front of us because we are connected to whoever we desire through the little white cords coming out of our heads. The ability to focus only on what interests us and ignore those we share physical space with is technology. We control our learning and social circle through technology, isolating ourselves from the real world that surrounds us or the people who share the same interests down the hall as O’Donnell speaks of in the Cambridge Forum webcast.
I have included a link to a song called “Little White Cords.” I believe this song speaks of how technology removes us from the real world. It’s written by Ron House, a 54 year old musician who spends a lot of his time in record stores and performed by his band Psandwich. Not sure if it’s everyones taste so I’ll make you do some work to get there…
I see text as the finished product. Living in China, I have the oportunity to see many things copied and pasted. Fake items are everywhere and it is interesting to see what part of the product has been copied. The technology is not always able to recreate the text with accuracy. One can copy a Calvin Klein shirt but the the technology differed. The designer saw the CK as something to copy hundreds of times in different fonts and glittery materials all over the back, front and sides of the shirt. Or perhaps one could copy and paste Mickey Mouse. It doesn’t look right but much of the essence is there.

Fake Mickey

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Remixing Text

After looking for the definition of text through several sources, a couple of words reappears. In Merriam-Webster it’s “the original words”. In Oxford English dictionary it’s “written or printed”. I began to think if there’s anything I would add to these definition. I remember reading “Remix” (Lessig, 2008). The idea behind “Remix” is that the current trent is we take texts and we add, change, recreate it into something of our own. The definition of text then as “the original words” could be debated. What would being “original” mean in this context? To use “written or printed” to describe text wouldn’t be accurate either then. The medium in which text is transmitted has moved beyond print.

Lessig, R. (2008). Remix. New York: The Penguin Press.

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Text as Layers, Texture, Syntheses

I was reflecting on the meaning of the word ‘text’ when I came upon this interview with audio book narrator (and actor) Bronson Pinchot.  What struck me most when I was researching the word ‘text’, was how it has evolved beyond just written passages to mean something far more all-encompassing and vague, along the lines of the phrase ‘body of work’.  With this in mind, I found Bronson Pinchot’s commentary on the layers of literature particularly interesting.  The gist of his argument is that the author of the book he narrated, What It Is Like to Go to War by Karl Marlantes, is a synthesis of the author’s youthful experiences of war as well as the author’s mature reflections on the meaning of that period in his life.  This reminded me very much of the posts I had recently read about text’s relationship with texture, and how certain types of text (written, audio or audiovisual) can add a certain flavour or texture to our understanding of the narratives therein.

Last winter I did a research project on teaching through audiovisual mediums such as television, and one of the primary arguments I found with regards to film and TV was that these are texts which we read or process differently from written media, on a more immediate and visceral, rather than cerebral level.  It is intriguing that as technology expands, we may find ourselves differently impacted by information by the nature of its form (which echoes McLuhan’s idea that “the medium is the message”).

References

(2011). http://blog.blackstoneaudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Bronson-Pinchot-Exclusive-Interview.mp3

Igartua, J.-J. (2010). Identification with characters and narrative persuasion through fictional feature films.Communications, 35(4), 347-373. doi: 10.1515/COMM.2010.019

Pasquier, D. (1996). Teen series reception: Television, adolescence and culture of feelings. Childhood, 3(3), 351-373. doi: 10.1177/0907568296003003004

Pinchot, B. (2011, September 23). [Interview with Grover Gardner, Blackstone Audio, Inc.] Exclusive Interview: Bronson Pinchot with Grover Gardner. Retrieved September 15, 2012 from  http://blog.blackstoneaudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Bronson-Pinchot-Exclusive-Interview.mp3

Samaniego, C. M. & Pascual, A. C. (2007). The teaching and learning of values through television. Review of Education, 53(1), 5-21. doi: 10.1007/s11159-006-9028-6

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Dancing about Architecture

“Framing all the great music out there only drags down its immediacy. The songs are lyrics, not speeches, and they’re tunes, not paintings. Writing about music is like dancing about architecture—it’s a really stupid thing to want to do.” – Elvis Costello

When reading others’ posts on how they perceive text, and what it can be, this quote stuck out in my mind. It points out how different forms of texts can do and express things that others just can’t. They’re all expressive communication, but different… perhaps, too, like looking at something through someone else’s glasses.

Another interesting thing about this quote is that, while it is what Costello said in 1983, the main simile in it isn’t his. The generation of this wise comparison was by someone else, and it took a good deal of sifting through texts (oral, written, etc.) to figure out who it originally belonged to.

http://quoteinvestigator.com/2010/11/08/writing-about-music/

It’s a great example of how unique text forms can be, and how what people say can be recycled and re-authored.

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